How well can captive breeding programs conserve biodiversity? A review of salmonids.
How well can captive breeding programs conserve biodiversity? A review of salmonids.
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00036.x
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发表时间：
2008-11
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Fraser DJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fraser DJ
圈养繁殖计划越来越多地开始，以防止濒临灭绝的物种和/或人口。但是，它们能在多大程度上保护遗传多样性和适应性，或者在野外重建自我维持的种群呢？这些复杂的问题和相关问题的鲑鱼的审查揭示了一些见解和不确定性。大多数程序可以在几代人中保持种群内的遗传多样性，但现有的研究表明，圈养中的适应性损失可能很快，其幅度可能随着圈养时间的增加而增加。从长远来看，（i）项目维持遗传多样性和适应性的能力，（ii）物种甚至种内生活史类型在适应性成本的严重程度和方式上可能存在巨大差异。令人鼓舞的是，现在存在许多新的理论和方法，为当前和未来的计划，以潜在地减少这些影响。然而，在某些情况下，在保护遗传多样性和适应性之间存在着不可避免的权衡，例如当圈养繁殖的个体被暂时释放到野外时。由于几个混杂因素，目前也很少有证据表明，圈养繁殖线的鲑鱼可以或不能重新引入自我维持的人口。最值得注意的是，在存在圈养繁殖计划的情况下，鲑鱼数量减少的根本原因并未得到缓解。很少有研究也解决了在什么条件下，由于圈养繁殖的人口丰度的增加可能会抵消健身减少圈养。最后，需要更多的实证调查，以评估遗传/健身的好处和风险与（一）保持圈养亲鱼作为单一或多个种群在一个或多个设施，（二）利用冷冻保存或替代亲鱼技术，（三）采用其他替代圈养饲养，如易位到新的栖息地。围绕这些问题提出了管理建议，目的是促进荟萃分析和更一般的原则或指导方针圈养繁殖。其中包括需要：（一）圈养监测，涉及先验，通过使用精心设计的实验，假设检验的更大的应用和（二）改进文件的程序，通过具体的方案，以减少遗传多样性和健身的损失。
Captive breeding programs are increasingly being initiated to prevent the imminent extinction of endangered species and/or populations. But how well can they conserve genetic diversity and fitness, or re-establish self-sustaining populations in the wild? A review of these complex questions and related issues in salmonid fishes reveals several insights and uncertainties. Most programs can maintain genetic diversity within populations over several generations, but available research suggests the loss of fitness in captivity can be rapid, its magnitude probably increasing with the duration in captivity. Over the long-term, there is likely tremendous variation between (i) programs in their capacity to maintain genetic diversity and fitness, and (ii) species or even intraspecific life-history types in both the severity and manner of fitness-costs accrued. Encouragingly, many new theoretical and methodological approaches now exist for current and future programs to potentially reduce these effects. Nevertheless, an unavoidable trade-off exists between conserving genetic diversity and fitness in certain instances, such as when captive-bred individuals are temporarily released into the wild. Owing to several confounding factors, there is also currently little evidence that captive-bred lines of salmonids can or cannot be reintroduced as self-sustaining populations. Most notably, the root causes of salmonid declines have not been mitigated where captive breeding programs exist. Little research has also addressed under what conditions an increase in population abundance due to captive-rearing might offset fitness reductions induced in captivity. Finally, more empirical investigation is needed to evaluate the genetic/fitness benefits and risks associated with (i) maintaining captive broodstocks as either single or multiple populations within one or more facilities, (ii) utilizing cryopreservation or surrogate broodstock technologies, and (iii) adopting other alternatives to captive-rearing such as translocations to new habitats. Management recommendations surrounding these issues are proposed, with the aim of facilitating meta-analyses and more general principles or guidelines for captive-breeding. These include the need for the following: (i) captive monitoring to involve, a priori, greater application of hypothesis testing through the use of well-designed experiments and (ii) improved documentation of procedures adopted by specific programs for reducing the loss of genetic diversity and fitness.
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影响因子：
4.9
作者：
Araki, Hitoshi;Waples, Robin S.;Blouin, Michael S.
通讯作者：
Blouin, Michael S.
影响因子：
4.9
作者：
Ardren, WR;Kapuscinski, AR
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Kapuscinski, AR
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Berejikian, Barry A.;Johnson, Thom;Lee-Waltermire, Joy
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Lee-Waltermire, Joy
影响因子：
2
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通讯作者：
Nicieza, AG
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
Araki, Hitoshi;Cooper, Becky;Blouin, Michael S.
通讯作者：
Blouin, Michael S.