Exposure to secondhand smoke in terraces and other outdoor areas of hospitality venues in eight European countries.
Exposure to secondhand smoke in terraces and other outdoor areas of hospitality venues in eight European countries.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0042130
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Nebot M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
López MJ;Fernández E;Gorini G;Moshammer H;Polanska K;Clancy L;Dautzenberg B;Delrieu A;Invernizzi G;Muñoz G;Precioso J;Ruprecht A;Stansty P;Hanke W;Nebot M
室外二手烟（SHS）浓度通常低于室内浓度，但一些研究表明，在特定条件下，室外二手烟（SHS）水平可能与室内水平相当。本研究的主要目的是评估接待场所露台和其他室外区域的SHS暴露水平，并评估其对邻近室内区域的潜在影响。对8个欧洲国家的接待场所室内外区域的尼古丁和可吸入颗粒物（PM2.5）进行了测量。研究的接待场所包括夜总会、餐馆和酒吧。实地调查于2009年3月至2011年3月期间进行。在研究期间，我们收集了170个尼古丁和142个PM2.5测量值。室内SHS浓度中位数在允许吸烟的场所（尼古丁3.69µg/m3, PM2.5: 120.51µg/m3）显著高于禁止吸烟的场所（尼古丁0.48µg/m3, PM2.5: 36.90µg/m3）。室外尼古丁浓度中位数在禁止室内吸烟的场所（1.56µg/m3）高于允许吸烟的场所（0.31µg/m3）。在不同类型的室外区域中，室外SHS水平中位数最高的是禁止室内吸烟的场馆半封闭室外区域，尼古丁为4.23µg/m3, PM2.5为43.64µg/m3。禁止室内吸烟似乎取代了在邻近的室外区域接触SHS。此外，禁止吸烟但有半封闭室外区域的室内环境的SHS水平高于室外开放区域的室内环境，这可能表明SHS也从室外转移到室内。目前限制室内SHS水平的立法似乎不足以保护酒店工作人员和顾客免受SHS暴露。无烟立法应考虑到这些结果，并考虑在一些招待场所的露台上施加限制，以确保有效保护。
Outdoor secondhand smoke (SHS) concentrations are usually lower than indoor concentrations, yet some studies have shown that outdoor SHS levels could be comparable to indoor levels under specific conditions. The main objectives of this study were to assess levels of SHS exposure in terraces and other outdoor areas of hospitality venues and to evaluate their potential displacement to adjacent indoor areas. Nicotine and respirable particles (PM2.5) were measured in outdoor and indoor areas of hospitality venues of 8 European countries. Hospitality venues of the study included night bars, restaurants and bars. The fieldwork was carried out between March 2009 and March 2011. We gathered 170 nicotine and 142 PM2.5 measurements during the study. The median indoor SHS concentration was significantly higher in venues where smoking was allowed (nicotine 3.69 µg/m3, PM2.5: 120.51 µg/m3) than in those where smoking was banned (nicotine: 0.48 µg/m3, PM2.5: 36.90 µg/m3). The median outdoor nicotine concentration was higher in places where indoor smoking was banned (1.56 µg/m3) than in venues where smoking was allowed (0.31 µg/m3). Among the different types of outdoor areas, the highest median outdoor SHS levels (nicotine: 4.23 µg/m3, PM2.5: 43.64 µg/m3) were found in the semi-closed outdoor areas of venues where indoor smoking was banned. Banning indoor smoking seems to displace SHS exposure to adjacent outdoor areas. Furthermore, indoor settings where smoking is banned but which have a semi-closed outdoor area have higher levels of SHS than those with open outdoor areas, possibly indicating that SHS also drifts from outdoors to indoors. Current legislation restricting indoor SHS levels seems to be insufficient to protect hospitality workers – and patrons – from SHS exposure. Tobacco-free legislation should take these results into account and consider restrictions in the terraces of some hospitality venues to ensure effective protection.
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