Disturbance, geomorphic processes and recovery of wildfire slopes in North Tyrol

Disturbance, geomorphic processes and recovery of wildfire slopes in North Tyrol
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北蒂罗尔野火斜坡的扰动、地貌过程和恢复

DOI:
10.1002/esp.3221
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发表时间:
2012
影响因子:
3.3
通讯作者:
Friedmann
Friedmann
中科院分区:
地球科学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Schimmer;Leistner;Wetzel;Friedmann

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奥地利石灰岩阿尔卑斯山脉亚高山地带的野火有时会造成严重的植被和土壤破坏,并增加雪崩和泥石流等次生自然灾害的危险。甚至在火灾发生几十年后,一些受影响的地区仍然退化为岩石斜坡,这引发了生态系统是否能够恢复的问题。平均火灾间隔、恢复持续时间和地貌过程在植被更新中的作用迄今尚不清楚。这些问题是通过广泛的研究方法来解决的,包括调查历史档案以确定历史野火的频率,绘制20个不同火灾后年龄的斜坡的植被更新图,以及测量两个斜坡的土壤侵蚀。迄今为止,在研究地区已经发生了450起历史上的野火。每平方公里的平均火灾间隔为isc。750年,但在朝南的斜坡上可能低至200-500年。在不利条件下,植被更新需要极长的时间;典型的干扰窗口期在50到500年之间,这比我们已知的任何其他野火研究都要长得多。在火灾发生后的几年里,土壤侵蚀不断加剧,并且这种加剧的强度可以维持几十年。根据土壤流失的程度,提出了一个由两部分组成的植被更新模型。在中度土壤侵蚀的情况下,扩大的草地群落可以减缓灌木的再定植。相比之下,在严重的土壤破坏之后,斜坡可能会在一个世纪或更长时间内保持退化状态,然后才会出现相当迅速的更新。其原因尚不完全清楚,但可能与地貌过程强度有关。植被更新和地貌过程的相互依赖是生态-地貌相互作用的一个范例,也是野火在非弹性生态系统中引起的非常持久的干扰响应的一个独特例子。版权所有©2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd。
Wildfires in the sub‐alpine belt of the Austrian Limestone Alps sometimes cause severe vegetation and soil destruction with increased danger of secondary natural hazards such as avalanches and debris flows. Some of the affected areas remain degraded to rocky slopes even decades after the fire, raising the question as to whether the ecosystems will ever be able to recover. The mean fire interval, the duration of recovery and the role of geomorphic processes for vegetation regeneration are so far unknown. These questions were tackled in a broad research approach including investigation of historical archives to determine the frequency of historical wildfires, mapping vegetation regeneration on 20 slopes of different post‐fire ages, and soil erosion measurements on two slopes. To date, > 450 historical wildfires have been located in the study area. The mean fire interval per square kilometre isc. 750 years, but can be as low as 200–500 years on south‐facing slopes. Vegetation regeneration takes an extremely long time under unfavourable conditions; the typical window of disturbance is between 50 and 500 years, which is far longer than in any other wildfire study known to us. Soil erosion constantly increases in the years after the fires and the elevated intensity can be maintained for decades. A two‐part vegetation regeneration model is proposed depending upon the degree of soil loss. In the case of moderate soil erosion, spreading grassland communities can slow down shrub re‐colonization. In contrast, after severe soil destruction the slopes may remain degraded for a century or longer, before rather rapid regeneration occurs. The reasons are not fully understood but are probably governed by geomorphic process intensity. The interdependence of vegetation regeneration and geomorphic processes is a paradigm of ecology–geomorphology interaction, and is a unique example of a very long‐lasting disturbance response caused by wildfire in a non‐resilient ecosystem. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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DOI: 10.1127/0372-8854/2010/0054-0009
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DOI: 10.1191/0959683606hol967rp
发表时间: 2006
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