Global health equity in United Kingdom university research: a landscape of current policies and practices.
Global health equity in United Kingdom university research: a landscape of current policies and practices.
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DOI：
10.1186/s12961-016-0148-6
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发表时间：
2016-10-10
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Post N
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gotham D;Meldrum J;Nageshwaran V;Counts C;Kumari N;Martin M;Beattie B;Post N
大学是卫生研究和技术的重要贡献者；然而，世界上穷人的卫生需求历来在研究中被忽视。医学发现经常被独家授权给一个生产商，从而导致垄断和不公平的定价。同样，研究的发表方式也常常让人难以获取。大学可以采取政策和做法来克服忽视，并确保公平获得研究及其产品。25所联合王国大学的卫生研究经费数据是从联合王国前五大供资机构的数据库中提取出来的，并编码为低收入和中低收入国家被忽视疾病和/或健康研究。关于知识产权许可政策和做法以及开放获取政策的数据是从公开来源和通过与大学的直接接触获得的。以开放获取方式发表的研究文章的比例提取自PubMed和PubMed Central。在英国各大学中，2011-2014年卫生研究经费中用于ND研究的中位数比例为2.6%，用于hLLMIC的中位数比例为1.7%。总体而言，79%的新科学基金拨款和74%的高理工科基金拨款分别拨给每个类别的前四所院校。7个机构制定了政策，以确保全球能够负担得起它们的研究开发的技术。大多数情况下，大学以一种授予垄断权的方式将他们的发明授权给第三方。15所院校实施了机构开放获取出版政策；其中三个拥有机构开放获取出版基金。各大学在线免费提供与健康相关的文章全文的比例从58%到100%不等（2012-2013年）；23%的文章也有创作共用CC-BY许可。联合王国各大学进行的全球卫生研究的数量差别很大，研究经费总额的很大一部分拨给了少数机构。为了达到与全球疾病负担相适应的研究承诺水平，大多数大学应设法扩大其研究活动。大多数大学没有以一种可能鼓励在资源贫乏的环境中获取知识产权的方式许可它们的知识产权，而且缺乏这样做的政策。最近的大多数研究出版物都是开放获取的，但不是金标准（CC-BY）开放获取。本文的在线版本（doi:10.1186/s12961-016-0148-6）包含补充材料，可供授权用户使用。
Universities are significant contributors to research and technologies in health; however, the health needs of the world’s poor are historically neglected in research. Medical discoveries are frequently licensed exclusively to one producer, allowing a monopoly and inequitable pricing. Similarly, research is often published in ways that make it inaccessible. Universities can adopt policies and practices to overcome neglect and ensure equitable access to research and its products. For 25 United Kingdom universities, data on health research funding were extracted from the top five United Kingdom funders’ databases and coded as research on neglected diseases (NDs) and/or health in low- and lower-middle-income countries (hLLMIC). Data on intellectual property licensing policies and practices and open-access policies were obtained from publicly available sources and by direct contact with universities. Proportions of research articles published as open-access were extracted from PubMed and PubMed Central. Across United Kingdom universities, the median proportion of 2011–2014 health research funds attributable to ND research was 2.6% and for hLLMIC it was 1.7%. Overall, 79% of all ND funding and 74% of hLLMIC funding were granted to the top four institutions within each category. Seven institutions had policies to ensure that technologies developed from their research are affordable globally. Mostly, universities licensed their inventions to third parties in a way that confers monopoly rights. Fifteen institutions had an institutional open-access publishing policy; three had an institutional open-access publishing fund. The proportion of health-related articles with full-text versions freely available online ranged from 58% to 100% across universities (2012–2013); 23% of articles also had a creative commons CC-BY license. There is wide variation in the amount of global health research undertaken by United Kingdom universities, with a large proportion of total research funding awarded to a few institutions. To meet a level of research commitment in line with the global burden of disease, most universities should seek to expand their research activity. Most universities do not license their intellectual property in a way that is likely to encourage access in resource-poor settings, and lack policies to do so. The majority of recent research publications are published open-access, but not as gold standard (CC-BY) open-access. The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12961-016-0148-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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