The impact of salient action effects on 6-, 7-, and 11-month-olds' goal-predictive gaze shifts for a human grasping action.
The impact of salient action effects on 6-, 7-, and 11-month-olds' goal-predictive gaze shifts for a human grasping action.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0240165
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发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Elsner B
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Adam M;Elsner B
当婴儿观察人类的抓握动作时，基于经验的描述预测，所有熟悉抓握动作的婴儿都应该能够预测目标，而不管其他机构线索（例如动作效果）如何。然而，基于线索的解释表明，当行动或代理人不熟悉时，婴儿会使用代理人线索来识别和预测行动目标。根据这些描述，我们假设较小的婴儿需要额外的机构线索，例如显着的动作效应来预测人类抓取动作的目标，而年龄较大的婴儿应该能够预测目标，而不管机构线索如何。在三个实验中，我们向 6、7 和 11 个月大的孩子展示了手动抓握动作的视频，无论有或没有附加的显着动作效果（实验 1 和 2），或者我们向 7 个月大的孩子展示了机械爪执行抓握动作的视频，并呈现出显着动作效果（实验 3）。无论动作效果如何，6 个月大的孩子表现出跟踪凝视行为，11 个月大的孩子表现出预测凝视行为。然而，7 个月大的孩子在动作-效果条件下表现出预测性凝视行为，但在无动作-效果条件下和用机械爪跟踪动作-效果条件下的凝视行为。因此，结果支持这样的观点：显着的动作效应对于 7 个月后婴儿的目标预测尤其重要，并且动作效应的这种促进影响对于人手的观察是有选择性的。
When infants observe a human grasping action, experience-based accounts predict that all infants familiar with grasping actions should be able to predict the goal regardless of additional agency cues such as an action effect. Cue-based accounts, however, suggest that infants use agency cues to identify and predict action goals when the action or the agent is not familiar. From these accounts, we hypothesized that younger infants would need additional agency cues such as a salient action effect to predict the goal of a human grasping action, whereas older infants should be able to predict the goal regardless of agency cues. In three experiments, we presented 6-, 7-, and 11-month-olds with videos of a manual grasping action presented either with or without an additional salient action effect (Exp. 1 and 2), or we presented 7-month-olds with videos of a mechanical claw performing a grasping action presented with a salient action effect (Exp. 3). The 6-month-olds showed tracking gaze behavior, and the 11-month-olds showed predictive gaze behavior, regardless of the action effect. However, the 7-month-olds showed predictive gaze behavior in the action-effect condition, but tracking gaze behavior in the no-action-effect condition and in the action-effect condition with a mechanical claw. The results therefore support the idea that salient action effects are especially important for infants’ goal predictions from 7 months on, and that this facilitating influence of action effects is selective for the observation of human hands.
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