Cellular responses in sea fan corals: granular amoebocytes react to pathogen and climate stressors.
Cellular responses in sea fan corals: granular amoebocytes react to pathogen and climate stressors.
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海风扇珊瑚中的细胞反应：颗粒状的反向动物对病原体和气候应激源反应。
DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0001811
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发表时间：
2008-03-26
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Harvell, C. Drew
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mydlarz, Laura D.;Holthouse, Sally F.;Peters, Esther C.;Harvell, C. Drew
气候变暖正在导致环境变化，使海洋和陆地生物甚至人类更容易受到新出现的疾病的影响。珊瑚礁是受气候压力影响最严重的生态系统之一，而作为最古老的后生动物的珊瑚的免疫力却鲜为人知。尽管由于传染病和温度相关压力导致的珊瑚死亡率正在上升，但有助于珊瑚抵抗此类事件的免疫效应机制仍然难以捉摸。在加勒比海扇珊瑚（Anthozoa，Alcyonacea：Gorgoniidae）中，基于细胞的免疫防御是颗粒状嗜酸性变形细胞，已知它们参与伤口修复和组织相容性。我们首次在珊瑚中证明这些细胞参与了对病原体和温度应激的有机反应。在自然发生感染和实验性接种真菌病原体薛氏曲霉的海扇中，在感染附近会出现明显的炎症反应，其特征是变形细胞大量增加。在受感染海扇的保护性黑色素带附近的变形细胞中检测到黑色素体；未感染的粉丝中均不存在。在自然感染的海扇中，在具有密集变形细胞的受感染组织中检测到原酚氧化酶活性同时增加。 2005 年加勒比白化事件（百年一遇的气候事件）期间在野外采集的海扇对热应激的反应是变形细胞全身性增加，并且实验室实验中温度升高也导致变形细胞密度增加。观察到的变形细胞反应表明海扇珊瑚利用细胞防御来对抗真菌感染和温度应激。引发炎症反应的能力可能是一个促成因素，即使是受感染的海扇珊瑚在紧张的气候事件中也能生存。
Climate warming is causing environmental change making both marine and terrestrial organisms, and even humans, more susceptible to emerging diseases. Coral reefs are among the most impacted ecosystems by climate stress, and immunity of corals, the most ancient of metazoans, is poorly known. Although coral mortality due to infectious diseases and temperature-related stress is on the rise, the immune effector mechanisms that contribute to the resistance of corals to such events remain elusive. In the Caribbean sea fan corals (Anthozoa, Alcyonacea: Gorgoniidae), the cell-based immune defenses are granular acidophilic amoebocytes, which are known to be involved in wound repair and histocompatibility. We demonstrate for the first time in corals that these cells are involved in the organismal response to pathogenic and temperature stress. In sea fans with both naturally occurring infections and experimental inoculations with the fungal pathogen Aspergillus sydowii, an inflammatory response, characterized by a massive increase of amoebocytes, was evident near infections. Melanosomes were detected in amoebocytes adjacent to protective melanin bands in infected sea fans; neither was present in uninfected fans. In naturally infected sea fans a concurrent increase in prophenoloxidase activity was detected in infected tissues with dense amoebocytes. Sea fans sampled in the field during the 2005 Caribbean Bleaching Event (a once-in-hundred-year climate event) responded to heat stress with a systemic increase in amoebocytes and amoebocyte densities were also increased by elevated temperature stress in lab experiments. The observed amoebocyte responses indicate that sea fan corals use cellular defenses to combat fungal infection and temperature stress. The ability to mount an inflammatory response may be a contributing factor that allowed the survival of even infected sea fan corals during a stressful climate event.
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影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Blackstone, NW;Bridge, DM
通讯作者：
Bridge, DM
DOI：
10.1016/j.jembe.2005.06.018
发表时间：
2006-01-10
影响因子：
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作者：
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通讯作者：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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通讯作者：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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Harvell, C. Drew