Mental health and resiliency following 44 months of terrorism: a survey of an Israeli national representative sample.
Mental health and resiliency following 44 months of terrorism: a survey of an Israeli national representative sample.
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44个月恐怖主义后的心理健康和韧性：以色列国家代表性样本的调查。
DOI：
10.1186/1741-7015-4-21
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发表时间：
2006-08-27
期刊：
影响因子：
9.3
通讯作者：
Solomon, Zahava
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bleich, Avi;Gelkopf, Marc;Melamed, Yuval;Solomon, Zahava
自2000年9月以来，以色列公民一直处于紧张和持续的恐怖主义之中。我们先前研究了恐怖主义对以色列民众心理健康的影响(Bleich等人，2002年)，但尚未研究持续恐怖主义的长期影响。本研究评估了以色列境内长达44个月的恐怖主义的心理后遗症，并试图找出可能导致脆弱性和复原力的因素。这是一项采用分层抽样的电话调查，对828户家庭进行了抽样调查，调查对象是702名有代表性的以色列成年居民(接触率为84.8%)。共有501人(60.5%)同意参与。研究方法与我们之前的研究类似。主要测量结果包括：暴露于恐怖主义和其他创伤性事件、创伤性应激相关症状(TSR)的数量、具有创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)症状标准的受访者百分比、创伤性应激(TS)弹性以及抑郁、焦虑、乐观、安全感和寻求帮助。总共有56人(11.2%)直接接触到恐怖事件，101人(20.2%)有家人或朋友接触。受访者报告的平均±SD为5.0±4.5 TSR；45(9%)符合创伤后应激障碍的症状标准；72(14.4%)符合TS弹性。147人(29.5%)感到抑郁，50人(10.4%)感到焦虑，近一半(235人；47%)感到生命危险，48人(9.7%)感到需要专业帮助。女性和阿拉伯族群有更多的TSR，更多的创伤后应激障碍，而TS的弹性较低。危及生命的经历后的伤害、重大的应激生活事件和重大的收入损失与创伤后应激障碍相关。移民身份、受教育程度低、安全感低、社会支持感低、社会苦恼程度高、有生命危险经历后受伤等与TSR相关。TSR不随暴露严重程度的增加而增加。这项研究显示，与两年前的最初研究相比，抑郁和功能障碍较少，创伤后应激障碍的发生率相似，求助增加，TSR和TS弹性较差。以色列民众对长达4年的恐怖主义反应不一。脆弱性因素随着时间的推移而变化；本研究发现，阿拉伯族裔、移民身份和受教育程度较低(在我们之前的研究中没有发现)是造成创伤相关痛苦的危险因素。先前经历的高压力事件增加了对恐怖的不利心理影响的脆弱性。
Israeli citizens have been exposed to intense and ongoing terrorism since September 2000. We previously studied the mental health impact of terrorism on the Israeli population (Bleich et al., 2002), however the long-term impact of ongoing terrorism has not yet been examined. The present study evaluated the psychological sequelae of 44 months of terrorism in Israel, and sought to identify factors that may contribute to vulnerability and resilience. This was a telephone survey using strata sampling of 828 households, which reached a representative sample of 702 adult Israeli residents (84.8% contact rate). In total, 501 people (60.5%) agreed to participate. The methodology was similar to that of our previous study. Exposure to terrorism and other traumatic events, number of traumatic stress-related symptoms (TSRS), percentage of respondents with symptom criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), traumatic stress (TS) resiliency and feelings of depression, anxiety, optimism, sense of safety, and help-seeking were the main outcome measures. In total, 56 participants (11.2%) were directly exposed to a terrorist incident, and 101 (20.2%) had family members or friends exposed. Respondents reported a mean ± SD of 5.0 ± 4.5 TSRS; 45 (9%) met symptom criteria for PTSD; and 72 (14.4%) were TS-resilient. There were 147 participants (29.5%) who felt depressed, 50 (10.4%) felt anxious, and almost half (235; 47%) felt life-threatening danger; 48 (9.7%) felt the need for professional help. Women and people of Arab ethnicity had more TSRS, more PTSD, and less TS resiliency. Injury following a life-threatening experience, a major stressful life event, and a major loss of income were associated with PTSD. Immigrant status, lower education, low sense of safety, low sense of social support, high societal distress, and injury following life-threatening experiences were associated with TSRS. TSRS did not increase with exposure severity. This study revealed less depression and functional impairment, similar rates of PTSD, increased help-seeking and poorer TSRS and TS resiliency than our initial study, 2 years previously. The response of people in Israel to 4 years of terrorism is heterogeneous. Vulnerability factors change over time; Arab ethnicity, immigrant status and less education, not found to be risk factors in our previous study, were found in the present study to contribute to trauma-related distress. Prior experience of highly stressful events increases vulnerability to adverse psychological effects of terror.
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