Imaging vascular and hemodynamic features of the brain using dynamic susceptibility contrast and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI.
Imaging vascular and hemodynamic features of the brain using dynamic susceptibility contrast and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.04.069
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发表时间：
2019-02-15
期刊：
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Stokes AM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Quarles CC;Bell LC;Stokes AM
在神经系统疾病的背景下，动态磁敏感对比（DSC）和动态对比增强（DCE）磁共振成像为脑血管功能、完整性和结构提供了有价值的见解。即使经过二十年的应用，随着对其生物物理和动力学基础有了更好的理解，以及脉冲序列和加速成像技术的改进，并通过应用更强大和自动化的数据分析策略，这些模式仍在不断发展。在此，我们系统地回顾这些要素中的每一个，重点关注它们的整合如何提高动力学参数的准确性以及新的血流动力学生物标志物（例如，毛细血管通过时间和血流异质性）的开发。关于对比机制，我们讨论了偶极 - 偶极相互作用和磁敏感效应，这些效应会产生同时的T1、T2和T2*弛豫效应，包括它们的量化、对脉冲序列参数优化的影响，以及在诸如血管大小和血管结构成像等方法中的应用。技术进步的应用，例如并行成像、同时多层、欠采样k空间采集和滑动窗口策略，使DSC和DCE采集的空间和/或时间分辨率得到提高。这种加速技术还使得在临床上可行的同时多回波自旋回波和梯度回波采集得以实现，从而对T1、T2和T2*变化进行更全面和定量的检测。通过不同的后处理选项对这些弛豫率变化进行表征，可以对血流动力学和血管通透性进行量化。不同生物物理模型的应用为传统血流动力学参数（例如，脑血容量）和更先进的参数（例如，毛细血管通过时间异质性）提供了见解。我们对生物物理模型的恰当选择以及必要的后处理步骤提供见解，以确保可靠的测量，同时将潜在的误差源降至最低。我们展示了应用于影响脑微循环的病理状况（包括脑肿瘤、中风、衰老和多发性硬化症）的先进DSC和DCE - MRI方法的代表性实例。常规DSC和DCE - MRI技术的成熟和标准化使其更多地融入临床实践并用于临床试验，这反过来又激发了对其技术和生物物理发展的新兴趣，为更全面地评估脑血流动力学铺平了道路。
In the context of neurologic disorders, dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) and dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI provide valuable insights into cerebral vascular function, integrity, and architecture. Even after two decades of use, these modalities continue to evolve as their biophysical and kinetic basis is better understood, with improvements in pulse sequences and accelerated imaging techniques and through application of more robust and automated data analysis strategies. Here, we systematically review each of these elements, with a focus on how their integration improves kinetic parameter accuracy and the development of new hemodynamic biomarkers that provide sub-voxel sensitivity (e.g., capillary transit time and flow heterogeneity). Regarding contrast mechanisms, we discuss the dipole-dipole interactions and susceptibility effects that give rise to simultaneous T1, T2 and relaxation effects, including their quantification, influence on pulse sequence parameter optimization, and use in methods such as vessel size and vessel architectural imaging. The application of technologic advancements, such as parallel imaging, simultaneous multi-slice, undersampled k-space acquisitions, and sliding window strategies, enables improved spatial and/or temporal resolution of DSC and DCE acquisitions. Such acceleration techniques have also enabled the implementation of, clinically feasible, simultaneous multi-echo spin- and gradient echo acquisitions, providing more comprehensive and quantitative interrogation of T1, T2 and changes. Characterizing these relaxation rate changes through different post-processing options allows for the quantification of hemodynamics and vascular permeability. The application of different biophysical models provides insight into traditional hemodynamic parameters (e.g., cerebral blood volume) and more advanced parameters (e.g., capillary transit time heterogeneity). We provide insight into the appropriate selection of biophysical models and the necessary post-processing steps to ensure reliable measurements while minimizing potential sources of error. We show representative examples of advanced DSC- and DCE-MRI methods applied to pathologic conditions affecting the cerebral microcirculation, including brain tumors, stroke, aging, and multiple sclerosis. The maturation and standardization of conventional DSC- and DCE-MRI techniques has enabled their increased integration into clinical practice and use in clinical trials, which has, in turn, spurred renewed interest in their technological and biophysical development, paving the way towards a more comprehensive assessment of cerebral hemodynamics.
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影响因子：
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