Factors affecting energy and macronutrient requirements in elderly people
Factors affecting energy and macronutrient requirements in elderly people
复制标题
影响老年人能量和常量营养素需求的因素
作者：
Patrck Ritz
摘要 目标 (i) 根据获得的与年龄相关的能量平衡变化知识来描述健康和患病老年患者的能量和大量营养素需求 (ii) 描述身体成分的变化以及体力活动和锻炼计划的后果。结果健康个体的衰老与肌肉质量和力量的减少（对自主性产生影响）以及主要在中心区域的脂肪量的增加有关，后者可能会增加心血管疾病的风险。身体成分的变化可以被视为正能量（脂肪）平衡。无脂肪质量的减少导致静息代谢率较低。因此，由于体力活动减少，能量需求进一步减少。根据估计的静息代谢率和体力活动来计算个人能量需求的简单方法尚未以经过验证的形式提供，并且非常需要。蛋白质的需求量仍然存在争议。可以实施锻炼计划来增加肌肉质量和力量（阻力训练）或改善有氧健身和减少脂肪量（耐力运动）。目前尚不清楚结构化锻炼计划或自发身体活动是否具有类似的优势。目前尚不清楚在哪些情况下应该推荐阻力、耐力或两种运动的组合。体力活动和锻炼计划对能量和大量营养素需求的影响尚不清楚。患病老年人容易出现营养不良，从而损害临床和功能结果。营养不良是能量摄入不足以满足能量需求的结果。文献中非常缺乏关于患病老年人能量需求的数据，他们受到压力（增加静息能量需求）、体重和体力活动减少（减少能量需求）以及药物潜在影响的复杂影响。关于常量营养素的需求几乎一无所知。结论 需要进一步的研究来计算个体（尤其是患病者）的能量和常量营养素需求。需要做更多的工作来了解老年人（健康的和患病的）的能量不平衡。仔细评估身体活动和锻炼计划是必要的。
Abstract Objectives (i) to describe energy and macronutrient requirements in healthy and diseased elderly patients from knowledge acquired about the age-related changes in energy balance (ii) to describe changes in body composition and the consequences of physical activity and exercise programs. Results Aging in individuals considered healthy is associated with a reduction in muscle mass and strength (with consequences on autonomy), and an increase in fat mass mainly in the central area, the latter might increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Body composition changes can be seen as a positive energy (fat) balance. The reduced fat-free mass is responsible for a low resting metabolic rate. Therefore, energy requirements are reduced all the more since physical activity is decreased. A simple means for calculating individuals' energy requirements from estimated resting metaboc rate and physical activity is not yet available in a validated form and is much required. Protein requirements are still debated. Exercise programs can be implemented for increasing muscle mass and strength (resistance training) or for improving aerobic fitness and reducing fat mass (endurance exercise). It is not yet clear whether structured exercise programs or spontaneous physical activity have similar advantages. It is not known in which cases resistance, endurance, or a combination of both exercises should be recommended. The consequences of physical activity and exercise programs on energy and macronutrient requirements is not clear. Diseased elderly persons are prone to malnutrition which impairs clinical and functional outcome. Malnutrition is the result of an energy intake inadequate to match energy requirements. Literature is very short of data on energy requirements in diseased elderly persons, who are under the complex influences of stress (increasing resting energy requirements), reduced body mass and physical activity (reducing energy requirements), plus potential effects of drugs. Almost nothing is known about macronutrient requirements. Conclusions Further studies are required to enable calculations of energy and macronutrient requirements of individuals, especially diseased. More work has to be done to understand the energy imbalance in the elderly (healthy and diseased). Careful evaluations of physical activity and exercise programs are necessary.
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DOI：
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发表时间：
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期刊：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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发表时间：
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DOI：
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发表时间：
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期刊：
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DOI：
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发表时间：
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期刊：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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通讯作者：
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