COVID-19 impacts on agriculture and food systems in Nepal: Implications for SDGs.
COVID-19 impacts on agriculture and food systems in Nepal: Implications for SDGs.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102990
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发表时间：
2021-01
影响因子：
6.6
通讯作者：
Ojha H
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Adhikari J;Timsina J;Khadka SR;Ghale Y;Ojha H
本研究的目的是了解2019冠状病毒病危机对尼泊尔农业和粮食系统的影响，并评估应对这一危机措施的有效性。该研究提出了政策影响，特别是对农业系统的复原力和可持续发展目标1和2的实现。这些发现是基于(i)与政策制定者和在基层工作的专家进行的为期六个月的三次小组讨论，以了解和管理危机，（ii）对关键线人的采访，以及（iii）广泛的文献综述。结果显示，封锁和运输限制产生了严重后果，对可持续发展目标1和2的实现提出了质疑，特别是在依赖粮食援助的本已脆弱的地区。这场危机也暴露了自给农业和商业农业系统在恢复力方面的优势和局限性，为决策者提供了重要的经验教训。传统的自给农业似乎具有一定的弹性，有可能为粮食安全的关键支柱做出贡献，特别是获取和稳定，尽管由于生产力低下，对粮食供应的贡献有限。另一方面，商业农业仅限于市场中心、城市和新兴城镇的外围以及可到达的地区，由于缺乏弹性的供应网络，甚至无法到达当地市场，因此受到的影响更大。商业农业的复原力较低也很明显，因为它越来越依赖于遥远的外国市场的投入（主要是种子和肥料）。对疫情爆发后8个多月的危机观察清楚地表明，工资劳动者、土著人民和来自边缘群体和已经处于粮食安全和营养不良弱势的地区的妇女因COVID-19而遭受的损失更大，因为他们既失去了外部支持，也失去了应对机制。研究结果对改善自给农业和商业农业系统的政策具有影响，特别是前者通过优质投入和多样化、促进和保护当地粮食系统来提高生产力，而后者通过建立可靠的供应网络将农业与市场联系起来并保证投入的供应来实现可持续集约化。以家庭为基础的自给农业系统受到的影响小于以市场为基础的商业农业系统。由于禁止从其他国家出口粮食，实现了更大程度的粮食自给自足的需要。封锁对实现可持续发展目标1和2产生了严重影响。危机期间缺乏支持粮食生产和粮食安全的政策。
The objective of this study was to understand the impacts of COVID-19 crisis in agriculture and food systems in Nepal and assess the effectiveness of measures to deal with this crisis. The study draws policy implications, especially for farming systems resilience and the achievement of SDGs 1 and 2. The findings are based on (i) three panel discussions over six months with policy makers and experts working at grassroots to understand and manage the crisis, (ii) key informants' interviews, and (iii) an extensive literature review. Results revealed that the lockdown and transport restrictions have had severe consequences, raising questions on the achievement of SDGs 1 and 2, especially in the already vulnerable regions dependent on food-aid. This crisis has also exposed the strengths and limitations of both subsistence and commercial farming systems in terms of resiliency, offering important lessons for policy makers. Traditional subsistence farming appears to be somewhat resilient, with a potential to contribute to key pillars of food security, especially access and stability, though with limited contributions to food availability because of low productivity. On the other hand, commercial farming - limited to the periphery of market centres, cities, and emerging towns and in the accessible areas - was more impacted due to the lack of resilient supply networks to reach even the local market. Lower resiliency of commercial farming was also evident because of its growing dependence on inputs (mainly seeds and fertilizer) on distant markets located in foreign countries. The observation of crisis over eight months unleashed by the pandemic clearly revealed that wage labourers, indigenous people, and women from marginalized groups and regions already vulnerable in food security and malnutrition suffered more due to COVID-19 as they lost both external support and the coping mechanisms. The findings have implications for policies to improve both subsistence and commercial farming systems – in particular the former by improving the productivity through quality inputs and by diversifying, promoting and protecting the indigenous food system, while the latter through sustainable intensification by building reliant supply network linking farming with markets and guarantying the supply of inputs. Family-based subsistence farming systems were less affected than the market-based commercial farming systems. Need for greater food self-sufficiency was realized because of ban on food export from other countries. Lockdown had severe consequences on achievement of SDGs 1 and 2. Absence of policies to support food production and food security during crises was exposed.
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