Non-coding changes cause sex-specific wing size differences between closely related species of Nasonia.
Non-coding changes cause sex-specific wing size differences between closely related species of Nasonia.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pgen.1000821
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发表时间：
2010-01-15
期刊：
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Werren JH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Loehlin DW;Oliveira DC;Edwards R;Giebel JD;Clark ME;Cattani MV;van de Zande L;Verhulst EC;Beukeboom LW;Muñoz-Torres M;Werren JH
物种间形态差异的遗传基础仍然知之甚少。我们通过定位克隆主要雄性特异性基因座 wing-size1 (ws1)，研究了两个密切相关的 Nasonia 物种之间翅膀大小性别特异性差异的遗传基础。当来自 Giraulti 猪笼草的 ws1 等位基因回交至 N. vitripennis 遗传背景时，雄性翅膀大小会因细胞大小和细胞数量的变化而增加 45%。使用定位克隆方法将 ws1 基因座精细映射到 13.5 kilobase 区域。该区域位于 prospero（一种参与神经发生的转录因子）和主要性别决定基因 doublesex 之间。它包含双性的 5'-UTR 和顺式调节结构域，并且没有编码序列。翅膀尺寸的减小与双性表达水平的增加相关，这是发育中的雄性翅膀所特有的。我们的结果表明，非编码变化是两个密切相关的物种之间最近性别特异性形态学差异的原因。我们尚未确定 ws1 基因座的翅膀尺寸进化是由 dsx 或 prospero 的调控变化引起的，还是由其他机制引起的。这项研究证明了对参与 Nasonia 物种之间广泛表型差异的数量性状基因座 (QTL) 进行有效定位克隆的可行性。细胞大小和细胞数量的调节是确定发育中器官大小以及控制癌症和糖尿病等疾病中细胞过度增殖的重要组成部分。细胞大小和数量的调节如何改变以产生不同的器官大小尚不清楚。在这里，我们研究了两个物种之间性别特异性翅膀大小差异的最新演变，其中涉及细胞大小和数量调节的变化。新兴遗传模型黄蜂 Nasonia vitripennis 的雄性有小翅膀并且不会飞，而密切相关的物种 N. giraulti 的雄性有大翅膀并且会飞。我们分离出一个基因座，该基因座通过增加细胞大小和细胞数量而对这种机翼尺寸差异产生重大影响。令人惊讶的是，我们发现这种翅膀大小差异的决定因素位于两个已知转录因子（主要性别决定基因 doublesex 和神经发生调节基因 prospero）之间的非编码区。 ws1 调节性别特异性翅膀生长的机制尚未确定，尽管发育中雄性翅膀中 dsx 表达水平的差异可能表明该性别决定基因座的作用。
The genetic basis of morphological differences among species is still poorly understood. We investigated the genetic basis of sex-specific differences in wing size between two closely related species of Nasonia by positional cloning a major male-specific locus, wing-size1 (ws1). Male wing size increases by 45% through cell size and cell number changes when the ws1 allele from N. giraulti is backcrossed into a N. vitripennis genetic background. A positional cloning approach was used to fine-scale map the ws1 locus to a 13.5 kilobase region. This region falls between prospero (a transcription factor involved in neurogenesis) and the master sex-determining gene doublesex. It contains the 5′-UTR and cis-regulatory domain of doublesex, and no coding sequence. Wing size reduction correlates with an increase in doublesex expression level that is specific to developing male wings. Our results indicate that non-coding changes are responsible for recent divergence in sex-specific morphology between two closely related species. We have not yet resolved whether wing size evolution at the ws1 locus is caused by regulatory alterations of dsx or prospero, or by another mechanism. This study demonstrates the feasibility of efficient positional cloning of quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in a broad array of phenotypic differences among Nasonia species. The regulation of cell size and cell numbers is an important part of determining the size of organs in development, as well as of controlling cell over-proliferation in diseases such as cancer and diabetes. How the regulation of cell size and number can change to produce different organ sizes is not well understood. Here, we investigate the recent evolution of sex-specific wing size differences between two species that involve changes to cell size and number regulation. Males of the emerging genetic model wasp Nasonia vitripennis have small wings and do not fly, while males of the closely related species N. giraulti have large wings and do fly. We isolated a locus that contributes substantially to this wing size difference by increasing cell size and cell number. Surprisingly, we found that the determinant for this wing size difference is located in the non-coding region between two known transcription factors, the master sex determining gene doublesex and neurogenesis regulator prospero. The mechanism by which ws1 regulates sex specific wing growth has yet to be determined, although differences in dsx expression level in developing male wings may indicate a role for this sex determination locus.
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