Mapping environmental injustices: pitfalls and potential of geographic information systems in assessing environmental health and equity.
Mapping environmental injustices: pitfalls and potential of geographic information systems in assessing environmental health and equity.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1289/ehp.02110s2161
复制
发表时间：
2002-04
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Maantay J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Maantay J
地理信息系统（GIS）已越来越多地用于绘制环境不公正的情况，某些人口不成比例地暴露于环境危害。本文概述了绘制环境不公正图的一些技术和分析困难，沿着了利用GIS更好地评估和预测环境健康和公平的建议。我检查了13个基于GIS的环境公平的研究，在过去的十年中进行的，并使用有毒的土地使用的位置在布朗克斯，纽约的研究，说明和评估的差异，在两种常见的方法确定暴露程度和附近的人口的特点。在绘制环境公平和健康图方面尚未解决的问题包括：缺乏综合性的危害数据库;目前的接触指数不足;需要制定切合实际的方法来确定接触的地理范围和受影响人口的特点;以及健康评估数据缺乏和不足。地理信息系统有很大的潜力，可以帮助我们了解污染和健康之间的空间关系。改进暴露指数;使用离散模型和先进的邻近分析;应用邻里规模分析;以及考虑分区和规划政策等其他因素，将能够得出更有说服力的结论。本文回顾的环境公平研究发现，基于种族和/或收入的环境负担不成比例。现在必须证明环境负担与有害健康影响之间的对应关系-表明污染的不成比例的影响，而不仅仅是污染源的不成比例的分布。
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been used increasingly to map instances of environmental injustice, the disproportionate exposure of certain populations to environmental hazards. Some of the technical and analytic difficulties of mapping environmental injustice are outlined in this article, along with suggestions for using GIS to better assess and predict environmental health and equity. I examine 13 GIS-based environmental equity studies conducted within the past decade and use a study of noxious land use locations in the Bronx, New York, to illustrate and evaluate the differences in two common methods of determining exposure extent and the characteristics of proximate populations. Unresolved issues in mapping environmental equity and health include lack of comprehensive hazards databases; the inadequacy of current exposure indices; the need to develop realistic methodologies for determining the geographic extent of exposure and the characteristics of the affected populations; and the paucity and insufficiency of health assessment data. GIS have great potential to help us understand the spatial relationship between pollution and health. Refinements in exposure indices; the use of dispersion modeling and advanced proximity analysis; the application of neighborhood-scale analysis; and the consideration of other factors such as zoning and planning policies will enable more conclusive findings. The environmental equity studies reviewed in this article found a disproportionate environmental burden based on race and/or income. It is critical now to demonstrate correspondence between environmental burdens and adverse health impacts--to show the disproportionate effects of pollution rather than just the disproportionate distribution of pollution sources.
登录
查看更多内容
DOI：
10.1111/j.1467-8306.1995.tb01818.x
发表时间：
1995-12-01
期刊：
ANNALS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN GEOGRAPHERS
影响因子：
--
作者：
Bowen, WM;Salling, MJ;Cyran, EJ
通讯作者：
Cyran, EJ
影响因子：
168.9
作者：
DRUCKER, E;ALCABES, P;SCKELL, B
通讯作者：
SCKELL, B
影响因子：
5.4
作者：
Dunn, C;Kingham, S
通讯作者：
Kingham, S
影响因子：
120.7
作者：
Friedman, MS;Powell, KE;Teague, WG
通讯作者：
Teague, WG