The human dimension of fire regimes on Earth.
The human dimension of fire regimes on Earth.
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02595.x
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发表时间：
2011-12
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Whittaker R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bowman DM;Balch J;Artaxo P;Bond WJ;Cochrane MA;D'Antonio CM;Defries R;Johnston FH;Keeley JE;Krawchuk MA;Kull CA;Mack M;Moritz MA;Pyne S;Roos CI;Scott AC;Sodhi NS;Swetnam TW;Whittaker R
人类和他们的祖先是独特的，是一个火的物种，但“自然”（即独立于人类）火有一个古老的，地球上的地质历史。自然火灾影响了生物进化和全球生物地球化学循环，使火成为某些生物群落功能的组成部分。在全球范围内，关于史前人类纵火对生态系统的影响的辩论激烈，观点从灾难性到微不足道。对过去、现在和未来地球上人类火灾状况的多样性的了解仍然是初步的。目前还不清楚人类是如何导致偏离随气候变化而变化的“自然”背景水平的。现有证据表明，现代人类可以通过砍伐森林、促进放牧、分散植物、改变点火模式和积极灭火来增加或减少自然火灾活动的背景水平，从而造成生态系统的重大变化和生物多样性的丧失。由于基础设施的破坏、生态系统服务的退化、生命的丧失以及与烟雾有关的健康影响，其中一些当代火灾状况造成了严重的经济混乱。这些偶发性灾害有助于形成公众对景观火灾的负面态度，尽管需要燃烧来维持一些生态系统。温室气体引起的变暖和水文循环的变化可能会增加大规模、严重火灾的发生，并可能对地球系统产生重大反馈。更好地了解人类火灾制度要求：（1）更好地了解过去和现在人类对火灾制度的影响，以进行全球比较分析，（2）更好地了解景观燃烧的不同文化传统及其积极和消极的社会，经济和生态影响，（3）在全球植被和气候变化模型中更真实地表示人为火灾。我们提供了一个历史框架，以促进了解火制度的发展和多样化，包括人类前时期，人类驯化火，以及随后从自给农业到工业经济的过渡。所有这些阶段仍然发生在地球上，为比较研究提供了机会。
Humans and their ancestors are unique in being a fire-making species, but ‘natural’ (i.e. independent of humans) fires have an ancient, geological history on Earth. Natural fires have influenced biological evolution and global biogeochemical cycles, making fire integral to the functioning of some biomes. Globally, debate rages about the impact on ecosystems of prehistoric human-set fires, with views ranging from catastrophic to negligible. Understanding of the diversity of human fire regimes on Earth in the past, present and future remains rudimentary. It remains uncertain how humans have caused a departure from ‘natural’ background levels that vary with climate change. Available evidence shows that modern humans can increase or decrease background levels of natural fire activity by clearing forests, promoting grazing, dispersing plants, altering ignition patterns and actively suppressing fires, thereby causing substantial ecosystem changes and loss of biodiversity. Some of these contemporary fire regimes cause substantial economic disruptions owing to the destruction of infrastructure, degradation of ecosystem services, loss of life, and smoke-related health effects. These episodic disasters help frame negative public attitudes towards landscape fires, despite the need for burning to sustain some ecosystems. Greenhouse gas-induced warming and changes in the hydrological cycle may increase the occurrence of large, severe fires, with potentially significant feedbacks to the Earth system. Improved understanding of human fire regimes demands: (1) better data on past and current human influences on fire regimes to enable global comparative analyses, (2) a greater understanding of different cultural traditions of landscape burning and their positive and negative social, economic and ecological effects, and (3) more realistic representations of anthropogenic fire in global vegetation and climate change models. We provide an historical framework to promote understanding of the development and diversification of fire regimes, covering the pre-human period, human domestication of fire, and the subsequent transition from subsistence agriculture to industrial economies. All of these phases still occur on Earth, providing opportunities for comparative research.
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影响因子：
6.4
作者：
Bradstock, R. A.
通讯作者：
Bradstock, R. A.
影响因子：
16.6
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Justice, Chris
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