Recent genome reduction of Wolbachia in Drosophila recens targets phage WO and narrows candidates for reproductive parasitism.
Recent genome reduction of Wolbachia in Drosophila recens targets phage WO and narrows candidates for reproductive parasitism.
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作者：
Metcalf JA;Jo M;Bordenstein SR;Jaenike J;Bordenstein SR
沃尔巴克氏体是母系传播的内共生体，通常会改变节肢动物宿主的生物学，以有利于受感染雌性的成功，而且它们也可能作为驱动生殖隔离的物种形成微生物。其中两种宿主操作包括彻底杀死雄性，并在受感染的雄性与未受感染的雌性交配时降低后代的存活率，这种现象称为细胞质不相容。人们对这些表型背后的机制知之甚少，但有趣的是，这两种效应都可能是由同一沃尔巴克氏体菌株感染不同宿主时引起的。例如，wRec 会导致其天然宿主 Drosophila recens 细胞质不相容，并导致 D. subquinaria 雄性死亡。大多数节肢动物沃尔巴克氏体中原噬菌体 WO 元件的发现产生了这样的假设：WO 可能编码参与这些生殖操作的基因。然而，对 WO 小衣壳基因的 PCR 筛选表明，wRec 缺乏噬菌体 WO。因此，wRec 似乎提供了一个例子，其中沃尔巴克氏体诱导的繁殖操作不需要噬菌体 WO。为了研究不同宿主背景下表型转换的机制，并检查噬菌体 WO 的意外缺失，我们对 wRec 的基因组进行了测序。分析表明，wRec 在大约 35 万年前与 wMel 发生了分歧，主要是由于噬菌体区域的基因组减少。虽然它丢失了噬菌体 WO 标准 PCR 筛选中使用的次要衣壳基因，但它保留了包含 33 个基因的两个区域，其中几个区域先前已与生殖寄生相关。因此，不能排除 WO 基因参与繁殖操作，并且不应使用单基因 PCR 来排除沃尔巴克氏体中噬菌体 WO 的存在。此外，wRec 的基因组序列将使转录组学和蛋白质组学研究成为可能，这可能有助于阐明与宿主转换相关的沃尔巴克氏菌生殖操作改变的机制，也许是在剩下的 33 个噬菌体基因中。
Wolbachia are maternally transmitted endosymbionts that often alter their arthropod hosts’ biology to favor the success of infected females, and they may also serve as a speciation microbe driving reproductive isolation. Two of these host manipulations include killing males outright and reducing offspring survival when infected males mate with uninfected females, a phenomenon known as cytoplasmic incompatibility. Little is known about the mechanisms behind these phenotypes, but interestingly either effect can be caused by the same Wolbachia strain when infecting different hosts. For instance, wRec causes cytoplasmic incompatibility in its native host Drosophila recens and male killing in D. subquinaria. The discovery of prophage WO elements in most arthropod Wolbachia has generated the hypothesis that WO may encode genes involved in these reproductive manipulations. However, PCR screens for the WO minor capsid gene indicated that wRec lacks phage WO. Thus, wRec seemed to provide an example where phage WO is not needed for Wolbachia-induced reproductive manipulation. To enable investigation of the mechanism of phenotype switching in different host backgrounds, and to examine the unexpected absence of phage WO, we sequenced the genome of wRec. Analyses reveal that wRec diverged from wMel approximately 350,000 years ago, mainly by genome reduction in the phage regions. While it lost the minor capsid gene used in standard PCR screens for phage WO, it retained two regions encompassing 33 genes, several of which have previously been associated with reproductive parasitism. Thus, WO gene involvement in reproductive manipulation cannot be excluded and reliance on single gene PCR should not be used to rule out the presence of phage WO in Wolbachia. Additionally, the genome sequence for wRec will enable transcriptomic and proteomic studies that may help elucidate the Wolbachia mechanisms of altered reproductive manipulations associated with host switching, perhaps among the 33 remaining phage genes.
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