Formalization is just the beginning: Analyzing post-formalization successes and challenges in Peru's small-scale gold mining sector
Formalization is just the beginning: Analyzing post-formalization successes and challenges in Peru's small-scale gold mining sector
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正规化只是开始：分析秘鲁小型金矿开采业正规化后的成功与挑战
DOI：
10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102390
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发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
10.2
通讯作者：
Malone, Aaron
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Martinez, Gerardo;Smith, Nicole M.;Malone, Aaron
近年来，手工和小规模金矿开采 (ASGM) 活动的正规化已成为各国政府更好地治理和监管该行业的关键战略。虽然学者们重点研究了正规化本身的可行性，但人们对手工和小规模采金作业正式化后的结果以及正规化努力是否可持续知之甚少。秘鲁在简化正规化流程方面取得了长足进步，已使 9600 多名手工采矿者正规化。本研究借鉴这些形式化操作之一的案例研究，检验了形式化后的结果。对秘鲁最重要的手工和小规模采金地区之一普诺的政府官员和手工和小规模采金社区成员的采访结果表明，正规化产生的结果好坏参半。正式的 ASGM 作业改善了健康和安全实践以及劳动条件，矿工认为他们的环保意识有所提高。尽管发生了这些变化，正规化的矿工比非正式运营时感到更加受到追捕和审查，并且他们继续面临获得技术支持和获得资本的挑战。我们认为，尽管在正规化工作中取得了一些进展，但该方法中的问题和弱点可能会无意中将采矿者推回到非正规化。我们的结论是，为了使正规化对政府和采矿者来说更加富有成果，致力于将手工和小规模采金活动正规化的政府将大大受益于制定一个坚实的后正规化战略，该战略的重点是教育和支持正式的手工和小规模采金业务。
In recent years, the formalization of artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) activities has become a key strategy for governments to better govern and regulate the sector. While scholars have focused on examining the viability of formalization itself, little is known about the outcomes once ASGM operations become formal, or whether formalization efforts are sustainable. Peru has made great strides on simplifying the formalization process and has formalized over 9600 artisanal miners. Drawing on a case study from one of these formalized operations, this research examines postformalization outcomes. Findings from interviews with government officials and members of the ASGM community in one of the most important ASGM regions of Peru, Puno, demonstrate that formalization has yielded mixed results. Formal ASGM operations have improved health and safety practices and labor conditions, and miners believe their environmental awareness has increased. Despite these changes, miners who have become formalized feel even more pursued and scrutinized than they did when they operated informally, and they continue to face challenges obtaining technical support and accessing capital. We argue that although some progress has been made in formalization efforts, the problems and weaknesses within the approach may inadvertently push miners back into informality.We conclude that in order for formalization to be more fruitful for governments and miners, governments working on formalizing ASGM activities would greatly benefit from the creation of a solid postformalization strategy focused on educating and supporting formal ASGM operations.
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DOI：
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