Time and Singular Causation - A Computational Model

Time and Singular Causation - A Computational Model
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时间和奇异因果关系 - 计算模型

DOI:
10.1111/cogs.12871
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发表时间:
2020
期刊:
影响因子:
2.5
通讯作者:
Waldmann
Waldmann
中科院分区:
心理学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Stephan;Mayrhofer;Waldmann

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对特殊情况的因果查询,即询问特定事件是否存在因果关系,在日常生活中很常见,在法律、医学或工程等专业学科中也很重要。由于因果关系不能直接观察到,单一因果关系判断需要评估两个事件的同时发生是因果关系还是仅仅是巧合。怎么能做出这个决定呢?在Cheng和Novick(2005)和Stephan和Waldmann(2018)先前工作的基础上,我们提出了一个计算模型,该模型结合了关于潜在原因的因果强度的信息和关于它们的时间关系的信息来推导出对单原因查询的答案。潜在原因因素的相对因果强度是相关的,因为弱原因比强原因更有可能产生影响。但在特殊情况下,即使是一个强大的原因因素也不一定是因果的,因为它可能已经被另一个原因抢占了先机。我们在这里展示了关于因果强度和关于两个不同的时间参数的信息,潜在原因的开始时间和它们的原因潜伏期,可以被形式化并整合到单一原因的计算帐户中。通过四个实验验证了该模型的有效性。结果表明,人们整合了新模型预测的不同类型的信息。
Causal queries about singular cases, which inquire whether specific events were causally connected, are prevalent in daily life and important in professional disciplines such as the law, medicine, or engineering. Because causal links cannot be directly observed, singular causation judgments require an assessment of whether a co‐occurrence of two eventscandewas causal or simply coincidental. How can this decision be made? Building on previous work by Cheng and Novick (2005) and Stephan and Waldmann (2018), we propose a computational model that combines information about the causal strengths of the potential causes with information about their temporal relations to derive answers to singular causation queries. The relative causal strengths of the potential cause factors are relevant because weak causes are more likely to fail to generate effects than strong causes. But even a strong cause factor does not necessarily need to be causal in a singular case because it could have been preempted by an alternative cause. We here show how information about causal strength and about two different temporal parameters, the potential causes' onset times and their causal latencies, can be formalized and integrated into a computational account of singular causation. Four experiments are presented in which we tested the validity of the model. The results showed that people integrate the different types of information as predicted by the new model.
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