How to Debug Inclusivity Bugs? A Debugging Process with Information Architecture

How to Debug Inclusivity Bugs? A Debugging Process with Information Architecture
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如何调试包容性错误?

DOI:
10.1109/icse-seis55304.2022.9794009
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发表时间:
2022
期刊:
2022 IEEE/ACM 44th International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Society (ICSE-SEIS
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Sarma, Anita
Sarma, Anita
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Guizani, Mariam;Steinmacher, Igor;Emard, Jillian;Fallatah, Abrar;Burnett, Margaret;Sarma, Anita

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尽管之前的一些研究已经找到了发现包容性缺陷(软件中引入不公平的偏见)的方法,但很少有人关注如何修复这些缺陷。如果没有从发现到修复的过程,那么根据这些发现采取行动就是一项特别的活动,取决于每个开发人员的技能。为了解决这个问题,我们创建了why /Where/Fix,这是一个系统的包容性调试过程,它的包容性错误定位利用了信息体系结构(IA)——面向用户的信息被组织、结构化和标记的方式。然后,我们使用开源软件(OSS)项目的基础设施作为我们的设置,对Why/Where/Fix的有效性进行了多阶段的定性实证评估。在我们的研究中,OSS项目团队使用Why/Where/Fix过程来发现包容性错误,定位它们背后的IA错误,然后修复IA以消除他们发现的包容性错误。我们的结果显示,使用Why/Where/Fix将OSS新手参与者所经历的包容性错误数量减少了90%。事实证明,多元化的团队效率更高,也更有创新性。多样性的一种形式是认知多样性——认知风格的差异——有助于产生思想的多样性。然而,软件工具通常不支持认知多样性。这意味着这些工具不包括具有不同认知风格的个体(例如,那些喜欢通过过程学习的人与那些通过修补学习的人),这使得这些个体在每次使用工具时都要承担认知“税”。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种方法,使软件开发人员能够:(1)评估他们的工具,特别是那些信息量很大的工具,以发现“包容性错误”——不支持多种认知风格的情况,(2)找到这些错误潜伏在工具中的位置,(3)修复这些错误。我们在一个开源项目中的评估表明,通过遵循这种方法,开发人员能够将项目中的包容性错误减少90%。
Although some previous research has found ways tofindinclusivity bugs (biases in software that introduce inequities), little attention has been paid to how to go aboutfixingsuch bugs. Without a process to move from finding to fixing, acting upon such findings is an ad-hoc activity, at the mercy of the skills of each individual developer. To address this gap, we createdWhy/Where/Fix, a systematic inclusivity debugging process whose inclusivity fault localization harnesses Information Architecture(IA)---the way user-facing information is organized, structured and labeled. We then conducted a multi-stage qualitative empirical evaluation of the effectiveness of Why/Where/Fix, using an Open Source Software (OSS) project's infrastructure as our setting. In our study, the OSS project team used the Why/Where/Fix process to find inclusivity bugs, localize the IA faults behind them, and then fix the IA to remove the inclusivity bugs they had found. Our results showed that using Why/Where/Fix reduced the number of inclusivity bugs that OSS newcomer participants experienced by 90%.Diverse teams have been shown to be more productive as well as more innovative. One form of diversity, cognitive diversity --- differences in cognitive styles --- helps generate diversity of thoughts. However, cognitive diversity is often not supported in software tools. This means that these tools are not inclusive of individuals with different cognitive styles (e.g., those who like to learn through process vs. those who learn by tinkering), which burdens these individuals with a cognitive "tax" each time they use the tool. In this work, we present an approach that enables software developers to: (1) evaluate their tools, especially those that are information-heavy, to find "inclusivity bugs" - cases where diverse cognitive styles are unsupported, (2) find where in the tool these bugs lurk, and (3) fix these bugs. Our evaluation in an open source project shows that by following this approach developers were able to reduce inclusivity bugs in their projects by 90%.
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