Serial pathways from primate prefrontal cortex to autonomic areas may influence emotional expression.
Serial pathways from primate prefrontal cortex to autonomic areas may influence emotional expression.
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DOI：
10.1186/1471-2202-4-25
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发表时间：
2003-10-10
期刊：
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Ghashghaei T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Barbas H;Saha S;Rempel-Clower N;Ghashghaei T
体验情绪涉及高阶眶前额叶和内侧前额叶区域，表达情绪涉及低水平的自主神经结构和外周器官。大脑皮层的信息是如何传递到外周的？我们使用两种平行的方法来同时绘制多条路径图，以确定下丘脑自主神经中心是否是与情绪过程以及低水平脊髓和脑干自主神经结构相关的眼眶额区和内侧前额叶区域的关键联系。后者支配外周自主神经器官，在情绪唤醒时其活动显著增加。我们首先确定连接眼眶额叶皮质和下丘脑的通路是否与指向脊髓中间外侧柱的投射神经元重叠，这是通过在这些不同的结构中注入神经追踪剂来实现的。我们发现，来自眼眶前额叶和内侧前额叶皮质的轴突汇聚在下丘脑，神经元投射到脑干和脊髓自主神经中心，连接最高和最低水平的神经轴。使用一种平行的方法，我们在下丘脑外侧区域(一个自主神经中心)注射双向示踪剂，以同时标记通往下丘脑的皮质路径，以及投射到低水平脑干和脊髓自主神经中心的下丘脑轴突。我们发现在内侧前额叶和眶前叶皮质到下丘脑的投射神经元密集分布，下丘脑轴突终末分布在几个脑干结构和脊髓的中间外侧柱，支配周围自主器官。然后，我们提供了直接证据，证明来自内侧前额叶皮质的轴突与下丘脑神经元突触，终止为大的突触，在大小上与高效的丘脑皮质系统相当。相互关联的眼眶额叶、内侧前额叶区域和下丘脑自主神经中枢也与杏仁核相连。眼眶前额叶和内侧前额叶皮质的下行通路也与杏仁核相连，为前额叶皮质在潜在的情感欣赏和表达过程中对自主系统产生快速影响提供了手段。
Experiencing emotions engages high-order orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal areas, and expressing emotions involves low-level autonomic structures and peripheral organs. How is information from the cortex transmitted to the periphery? We used two parallel approaches to map simultaneously multiple pathways to determine if hypothalamic autonomic centres are a key link for orbitofrontal areas and medial prefrontal areas, which have been associated with emotional processes, as well as low-level spinal and brainstem autonomic structures. The latter innervate peripheral autonomic organs, whose activity is markedly increased during emotional arousal. We first determined if pathways linking the orbitofrontal cortex with the hypothalamus overlapped with projection neurons directed to the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord, with the aid of neural tracers injected in these disparate structures. We found that axons from orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortices converged in the hypothalamus with neurons projecting to brainstem and spinal autonomic centers, linking the highest with the lowest levels of the neuraxis. Using a parallel approach, we injected bidirectional tracers in the lateral hypothalamic area, an autonomic center, to label simultaneously cortical pathways leading to the hypothalamus, as well as hypothalamic axons projecting to low-level brainstem and spinal autonomic centers. We found densely distributed projection neurons in medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices leading to the hypothalamus, as well as hypothalamic axonal terminations in several brainstem structures and the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord, which innervate peripheral autonomic organs. We then provided direct evidence that axons from medial prefrontal cortex synapse with hypothalamic neurons, terminating as large boutons, comparable in size to the highly efficient thalamocortical system. The interlinked orbitofrontal, medial prefrontal areas and hypothalamic autonomic centers were also connected with the amygdala. Descending pathways from orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortices, which are also linked with the amygdala, provide the means for speedy influence of the prefrontal cortex on the autonomic system, in processes underlying appreciation and expression of emotions.
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