Non-coding RNAs and the acquisition of genomic imprinting in mammals
Non-coding RNAs and the acquisition of genomic imprinting in mammals
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非编码 RNA 和哺乳动物基因组印记的获取
DOI：
10.1007/s11427-009-0035-2
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发表时间：
2009-03
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
屈良鹄
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
张意军;屈良鹄
基因组印记，代表父母特异性表达等位基因在一个位点，主要是显花植物和胎盘哺乳动物。大多数印迹基因，包括许多非编码RNA，位于印迹控制区（ICR）调控的簇。基因组印记的获得和进化是最基本的遗传学问题之一。关于哺乳动物印记基因结构域从它们的非印记祖先过渡的发现，特别是最近对最古老的哺乳动物分支进行的研究-有袋类动物和单孔目动物，其中模式物种基因组最近被测序，具有很高的价值。通过回顾和分析这些研究，非编码RNA与哺乳动物基因组印记的获得密切相关。证据来自两个观察伴随着印记的获得：（i）许多新的非编码RNA基因出现在印记区域;（ii）一些保守的非编码RNA的表达发生了显着变化。此外，从15个脊椎动物的印记snoRNA（小核仁RNA）基因的系统分析表明，印记snoRNA的起源发生在真兽目和有袋类之间的分歧，然后迅速扩大，导致固定的主要基因家族的真兽祖先辐射的现代胎盘哺乳动物。非编码RNA参与调控印迹沉默和介导染色质表观遗传修饰可能是哺乳动物基因组印迹获得过程中的主要作用。
Genomic imprinting, representing parent-specific expression of alleles at a locus, is mainly evident in flowering plants and placental mammals. Most imprinted genes, including numerous non-coding RNAs, are located in clusters regulated by imprinting control regions (ICRs). The acquisition and evolution of genomic imprinting is among the most fundamental genetic questions. Discoveries about the transition of mammalian imprinted gene domains from their non-imprinted ancestors, especially recent studies undertaken on the most ancient mammalian clades — the marsupials and monotremes from which model species genomes have recently been sequenced, are of high value. By reviewing and analyzing these studies, a close connection between non-coding RNAs and the acquisition of genomic imprinting in mammals is demonstrated. The evidence comes from two observations accompanied with the acquisition of the imprinting: (i) many novel non-coding RNA genes emerged in imprinted regions; (ii) the expressions of some conserved non-coding RNAs have changed dramatically. Furthermore, a systematical analysis of imprinted snoRNA (small nucleolar RNA) genes from 15 vertebrates suggests that the origination of imprinted snoRNAs occurred after the divergence between eutherians and marsupials, followed by a rapid expansion leading to the fixation of major gene families in the eutherian ancestor prior to the radiation of modern placental mammals. Involved in the regulation of imprinted silencing and mediating the chromatins epigenetic modification may be the major roles that non-coding RNAs play during the acquisition of genomic imprinting in mammals.
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