Age-related and individual differences in the use of prediction during language comprehension.
Age-related and individual differences in the use of prediction during language comprehension.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.bandl.2010.07.006
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发表时间：
2010-12
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Schul, Rina
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Federmeier, Kara D.;Kutas, Marta;Schul, Rina
关键词：
在句子理解过程中，老年人比年轻人更不可能预测可能出现的单词的特征。两个实验评估了这种差异是否会延伸到工作记忆需求和时间压力减少的任务。在实验1中，事件相关的脑电位进行了测量，年轻人和老年人阅读简短的短语提示反义词或类别范例，三秒钟后，目标是一致或不一致，一致的类别范例，较高或较低的典型性。当处理预期较低的低典型性目标时，年轻人（而不是老年人）会引发前额叶积极性（500-900 ms），这与预测被否定的处理结果有关。因此，年龄相关的变化，在理解预测概括整个任务的情况下。个体差异的分析表明，具有较高类别流畅性的老年人更有可能表现出类似的模式。实验2表明，这些与年龄相关的差异并不是由于语言产生机制的简单放缓，因为老年人对线索的反应速度和年轻人一样快，而且更准确。然而，老年人谁是相对较快的实验2中产生的类别范例更有可能在实验1中表现出预测处理模式。综上所述，研究结果将语言理解过程中的预测与语言产生机制联系起来，并表明尽管老年人可以按需产生快速的语言输出，但除非自上而下的电路特别强大，否则他们不太可能在理解过程中自动招募这些机制。
During sentence comprehension, older adults are less likely than younger adults to predict features of likely upcoming words. A pair of experiments assessed whether such differences would extend to tasks with reduced working memory demands and time pressures. In Experiment 1, event-related brain potentials were measured as younger and older adults read short phrases cuing antonyms or category exemplars, followed three seconds later by targets that were either congruent or incongruent and, for congruent category exemplars, of higher or lower typicality. When processing the less expected low typicality targets, younger – but not older – adults elicited a prefrontal positivity (500–900 ms) that has been linked to processing consequences of having predictions disconfirmed. Thus, age-related changes in prediction during comprehension generalize across task circumstances. Analyses of individual differences revealed that older adults with higher category fluency were more likely to show the young-like pattern. Experiment 2 showed that these age-related differences were not due to simple slowing of language production mechanisms, as older adults generated overt responses to the cues as quickly as – and more accurately than – younger adults. However, older adults who were relatively faster to produce category exemplars in Experiment 2 were more likely to have shown predictive processing patterns in Experiment 1. Taken together, the results link prediction during language comprehension to language production mechanisms and suggest that although older adults can produce speeded language output on demand, they are less likely to automatically recruit these mechanisms during comprehension unless top-down circuitry is particularly strong.
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