Scalable, enantioselective synthesis of germacrenes and related sesquiterpenes inspired by terpene cyclase phase logic.

Scalable, enantioselective synthesis of germacrenes and related sesquiterpenes inspired by terpene cyclase phase logic.
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DOI:
10.1002/anie.201206904
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发表时间:
2012-11-12
影响因子:
16.6
通讯作者:
Baran, Phil S.
Baran, Phil S.
中科院分区:
化学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Foo, Klement;Usui, Ippei;Goetz, Daniel C. G.;Werner, Erik W.;Holte, Dane;Baran, Phil S.

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我们实验室长期以来一直有兴趣通过学习萜类生物合成来获取新的化学知识。碳环萜烯骨架的直接结构,如低氧化态(环化相)的环氧基吉马烯醇(1,方案1A),然后是区域、化学和立体选择性的氧化修饰(氧化物相),使大自然能够以不同的方式获得广泛的相关家族成员。[1]今年早些时候,我们报道了我们通过未官能化的异戊二烯齐聚合成类似于1的萜烯的氧化还原经济合成的初步尝试(方案1B,路径a)。[2]这些研究最终导致了一种新的方法,该方法利用更先进但容易获得的C15构筑块法呢醇(2,方案1A)作为起点。在这篇通讯中,描述了一种短的,有效的,可扩展的,对映体选择性的1,2,4,4,6,6,6,6,6,6,5,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,5,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4此外,我们证明了关键中间体1不仅可以通过化学和立体选择性的氧化反应生成吉马烯类天然产物,还可以通过酸介导的跨环环化反应生成各种多环倍半萜骨架(如硒、愈创木烷或榄香烯)。为了建立一个可扩展的、分散的和广泛适用的进入各种相关倍半萜家族的目标,由于以下原因,吉马烯被确定为战略关键中间体:1)吉马烯构成了一大类环萜烯,其中许多已被证明具有良好的生物活性,此外,在香料工业中越来越重要;2)已知的是,Germacrenes是生物合成途径中各种相关萜类同系物的关键;以及3)最重要的是,许多研究表明Germacrenes可以转化为单环、双环和三环倍半萜亚类(例如,榄香烯、杜松烷、桉叶烷、愈创木烷和波波烷),这些途径的“阿喀琉斯之踵”是Germacene前体的数量可及[3]。
Our laboratory has a longstanding interest in harvesting new chemical knowledge by learning from terpene biosynthesis. The straightforward construction of carbocyclic terpene backbones such as epoxy-germacrenol (1, Scheme 1A) in a low oxidation state (cyclase phase) followed by regio-, chemo-, and stereoselective oxidative modifications (oxidase phase) allow Nature to access a wide variety of related family members in a divergent manner.[1] Earlier this year, we reported our initial forays into the redox-economic synthesis of terpenes that resemble 1 by oligomerization of unfunctionalized isoprene (Scheme 1B, path a).[2] These studies ultimately led us to a new approach that utilizes the more advanced, yet readily available, C15 building block farnesol (2, Scheme 1A) as a starting point. In this communication, a short, efficient, scalable, and enantioselective synthesis of 1 is described. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the key intermediate 1 can be processed not only to germacrane-type natural products by chemo-and stereoselective oxidations, but also to a variety of polycyclic sesquiterpene frameworks (like selinanes, guaianes, or elemenes) by acid-mediated transannular cyclization reactions.For the goal of establishing a scalable, divergent, and broadly applicable entry to a variety of related sesquiterpene families, the germacrenes were identified as strategic key intermediates due to the following reasons: 1) germacrenes constitute a large class of cyclic terpenes, many of which have been shown to exhibit promising bioactivities and, in addition, are of growing importance in the perfumery industry; 2) germacrenes are known to be a biosynthetic linchpin en route to various related terpene congeners; and 3) most importantly, many studies have demonstrated that germacrenes can be transformed into mono-, di-, and tricyclic sesquiterpene subclasses (eg, the elemenes, cadinanes, eudesmanes, guaianes, and bourbonanes) with the “Achilles heel” of these approaches being the accessibility of germacrene precursors in quantity.[3]
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