Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in metabolic and molecular imaging and diagnosis of cancer.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in metabolic and molecular imaging and diagnosis of cancer.
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DOI：
10.1021/cr9004007
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发表时间：
2010-05-12
期刊：
影响因子：
62.1
通讯作者：
Bhujwalla, Zaver M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Glunde, Kristine;Artemov, Dmitri;Penet, Marie-France;Jacobs, Michael A.;Bhujwalla, Zaver M.
Since its discovery in the 1940s, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has developed into a major technique used by chemists to elucidate molecular structures. The underlying principle of MRS is the generation of radiofrequency (RF) signals by magnetic nuclear spins that are excited with a specific RF probe in an external magnetic field B0. The magnetic resonance frequency ω0 is linearly dependent on B0 and the gyromagnetic ratio of the nucleus γ, as ω0) γB0. The MR signal intensity depends on the concentration of nuclear spins, the magnetic field strength B0, and the gyromagnetic ratio γ of these spins. The magnetization signal in MRS is characterized by two rate constants, the spin-lattice (or longitudinal relaxation time) T1 and the spin-spin (or tranverse relaxation time) T2. Since the resonance frequency of a particular nucleus is dependent upon its chemical environment, an important aspect of MRS is the ability to distinguish a nucleus with respect to its environment in the molecule. Because the molecular structurebased frequency shift and the resonance frequency are directly proportional to the strength of the magnetic field, the frequency shift is converted into a field-independent dimensionless value known as the chemical shift. Since the frequency shifts are extremely small in comparison to the resonance frequency, the chemical shift is expressed in parts per million (ppm). The chemical shift is typically reported relative to a reference resonance frequency. MRS therefore provides information about the chemical environment of the nuclear spin such as number of chemical bonds, neighboring nuclei, and overall chemical structure. As a result, each peak in an MR spectrum has a characteristic chemical shift that is dependent upon the chemical structure of the metabolite or compound and a peak area that is proportional to the concentration of the compound. Scalar spin-spin interactions, or J-couplings, produce fine multiplet structures that can be used to further analyze the chemical structure of a given molecule.Within the past two decades, the same principles of chemical shifts, magnetic moments, relaxation rates, and deriving concentrations from peak integrals have been applied in several preclinical and clinical studies to advance cancer discovery, diagnosis, and treatment. Incorporating imaging techniques with MRS has resulted in the development of MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) where the chemical information is spatially phase encoded, 1-3 providing images of specific chemical compounds such as metabolites, reporter probes, labeled substrates, or drugs. The purpose of this article is to review recent developments and examples
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影响因子：
11.2
作者：
Beloueche-Babari, M;Jackson, LE;Ronen, SM
通讯作者：
Ronen, SM
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
BOTTOMLEY, PA;CHARLES, HC;MUELLER, OM
通讯作者：
MUELLER, OM
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
ACKERMAN, JJH;GROVE, TH;RADDA, GK
通讯作者：
RADDA, GK
影响因子：
11.2
作者：
Al-Saffar, NMS;Troy, H;Chung, YL
通讯作者：
Chung, YL
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.79.11.3523
发表时间：
1982-01-01
期刊：
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
影响因子：
--
作者：
BROWN, TR;KINCAID, BM;UGURBIL, K
通讯作者：
UGURBIL, K