Oyster reefs as natural breakwaters mitigate shoreline loss and facilitate fisheries.
Oyster reefs as natural breakwaters mitigate shoreline loss and facilitate fisheries.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0022396
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Byron D
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Scyphers SB;Powers SP;Heck KL Jr;Byron D
位于海洋、河口和陆地生物群落交界处的海岸线是沿海地区退化和受威胁最严重的生境之一，因为它们对海平面上升、风暴和人类利用增加十分敏感。以前保护海岸线的努力主要涉及建造舱壁和海堤，这可能会对近岸栖息地产生负面影响。最近，努力转向“活海岸线”办法，其中包括生物防波堤珊瑚礁。我们的研究实验测试了牡蛎壳建造的防波堤礁保护侵蚀海岸线的有效性及其对近岸鱼类和贝类群落的影响。沿着沿着两条不同的侵蚀海岸线，我们创建了复制的潮下防波堤礁对，并建立了未改变的参考区域作为对照。在这两个网站，我们测量了海岸线和水深的变化和量化牡蛎招聘，鱼类和移动的大型无脊椎动物丰度。防波堤珊瑚礁治疗减轻海岸线撤退超过40%，在一个网站，但整体植被撤退和侵蚀率高，在所有的治疗和两个网站。在这两个地点都观察到牡蛎定居和随后的生存，其中一个地点的平均成年密度达到80多只牡蛎m-2。我们发现，潮间带沼泽和牡蛎礁防波堤之间的走廊支持更高的丰度和不同的鱼类群落比对照地块没有牡蛎礁栖息地。在鱼类和移动的无脊椎动物中，似乎有几个具有重要经济意义的物种的数量大大增加。防波堤珊瑚礁的存在使蓝蟹（Callinectes sapidus）的数量增加最明显（+297%），而红鼓（Sciaenops ocellatus）（+108%），斑点石首鱼（Cynoscion nebulosus）（+88%）和比目鱼（Paralichthys sp.）（79%）也受益。虽然在我们的研究过程中，防波堤珊瑚礁的垂直浮雕减少，这损害了海岸线的保护能力，观察到的栖息地价值表明未来更强大的海岸线保护项目的生态理由。
Shorelines at the interface of marine, estuarine and terrestrial biomes are among the most degraded and threatened habitats in the coastal zone because of their sensitivity to sea level rise, storms and increased human utilization. Previous efforts to protect shorelines have largely involved constructing bulkheads and seawalls which can detrimentally affect nearshore habitats. Recently, efforts have shifted towards “living shoreline” approaches that include biogenic breakwater reefs. Our study experimentally tested the efficacy of breakwater reefs constructed of oyster shell for protecting eroding coastal shorelines and their effect on nearshore fish and shellfish communities. Along two different stretches of eroding shoreline, we created replicated pairs of subtidal breakwater reefs and established unaltered reference areas as controls. At both sites we measured shoreline and bathymetric change and quantified oyster recruitment, fish and mobile macro-invertebrate abundances. Breakwater reef treatments mitigated shoreline retreat by more than 40% at one site, but overall vegetation retreat and erosion rates were high across all treatments and at both sites. Oyster settlement and subsequent survival were observed at both sites, with mean adult densities reaching more than eighty oysters m−2 at one site. We found the corridor between intertidal marsh and oyster reef breakwaters supported higher abundances and different communities of fishes than control plots without oyster reef habitat. Among the fishes and mobile invertebrates that appeared to be strongly enhanced were several economically-important species. Blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) were the most clearly enhanced (+297%) by the presence of breakwater reefs, while red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) (+108%), spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) (+88%) and flounder (Paralichthys sp.) (+79%) also benefited. Although the vertical relief of the breakwater reefs was reduced over the course of our study and this compromised the shoreline protection capacity, the observed habitat value demonstrates ecological justification for future, more robust shoreline protection projects.
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