Identification of the mechanisms that drive the toxicity of TiO(2 )particulates: the contribution of physicochemical characteristics.
Identification of the mechanisms that drive the toxicity of TiO(2 )particulates: the contribution of physicochemical characteristics.
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DOI：
10.1186/1743-8977-6-33
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发表时间：
2009-12-17
影响因子：
10
通讯作者：
Stone V
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Johnston HJ;Hutchison GR;Christensen FM;Peters S;Hankin S;Stone V
本文综述了二氧化钛颗粒在体外和体内的毒性，以了解其对人体健康的危害能力。评估与二氧化钛颗粒相关的危害至关重要，因为它将这些信息与有关人类可能接触水平的知识结合起来，从而能够进行风险评估。这篇综述主要集中在二氧化钛的毒性上，因为到目前为止，与其他金属氧化物颗粒相比，评价二氧化钛毒性的研究最多。这源于历史原因(即二氧化钛最先意识到颗粒毒性的大小依赖)，以及由于其在消费品(如防晒霜)中的广泛应用。二氧化钛的肺部和皮肤危害一直是现有研究的一个特别重点，这是因为过去在评估颗粒物的肺部毒性时，二氧化钛被用作(阴性)对照，而且由于它被并入防晒霜等消费品中。对二氧化钛颗粒毒性至关重要的机制过程也将被讨论，显然，主要是氧化剂驱动的与二氧化钛接触相关的炎症、遗传毒性和细胞毒性后果是内在联系的，并且在体内和体外都是明显的。已被确定为最有可能驱动观察到的毒性的二氧化钛属性包括颗粒大小(因此表面积)、结晶度(和光催化活性)、表面化学以及颗粒聚集/团聚倾向。实验设置也会影响毒理学结果，因此所使用的物种(或模型)、暴露途径、实验持续时间、颗粒浓度和光照条件都能够影响调查结果。此外，需要考虑针对特定二氧化钛形式的观察结果是否适用于一般的二氧化钛颗粒。目前，认为一种二氧化钛形式的研究结果代表整个二氧化钛颗粒是不合适的，因为大量可用的二氧化钛颗粒形式和可能受到暴露影响的各种潜在组织和细胞靶标。从而强调其物理化学性质是其毒性的基础。
This review focuses on outlining the toxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2) particulates in vitro and in vivo, in order to understand their ability to detrimentally impact on human health. Evaluating the hazards associated with TiO2 particles is vital as it enables risk assessments to be conducted, by combining this information with knowledge on the likely exposure levels of humans. This review has concentrated on the toxicity of TiO2, due to the fact that the greatest number of studies by far have evaluated the toxicity of TiO2, in comparison to other metal oxide particulates. This derives from historical reasons (whereby the size dependency of particulate toxicity was first realised for TiO2) and due to its widespread application within consumer products (such as sunscreens). The pulmonary and dermal hazards of TiO2 have been a particular focus of the available studies, due to the past use of TiO2 as a (negative) control when assessing the pulmonary toxicity of particulates, and due to its incorporation within consumer products such as sunscreens. Mechanistic processes that are critical to TiO2 particulate toxicity will also be discussed and it is apparent that, in the main, the oxidant driven inflammatory, genotoxic and cytotoxic consequences associated with TiO2 exposure, are inherently linked, and are evident both in vivo and in vitro. The attributes of TiO2 that have been identified as being most likely to drive the observed toxicity include particle size (and therefore surface area), crystallinity (and photocatalytic activity), surface chemistry, and particle aggregation/agglomeration tendency. The experimental set up also influences toxicological outcomes, so that the species (or model) used, route of exposure, experiment duration, particle concentration and light conditions are all able to influence the findings of investigations. In addition, the applicability of the observed findings for particular TiO2 forms, to TiO2 particulates in general, requires consideration. At this time it is inappropriate to consider the findings for one TiO2 form as being representative for TiO2 particulates as a whole, due to the vast number of available TiO2 particulate forms and large variety of potential tissue and cell targets that may be affected by exposure. Thus emphasising that the physicochemical characteristics are fundamental to their toxicity.
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影响因子：
3.8
作者：
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通讯作者：
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