Chemical carcinogens and overnutrition in diet-related cancer.
Chemical carcinogens and overnutrition in diet-related cancer.
复制标题
化学致癌物和饮食相关癌症中的营养过剩。
作者：
Werner Lutz
编制了已知膳食致癌物的摄入量，并根据Gold及其同事从致癌效力数据库中获得的动物致癌效力估计了癌症风险。总癌症风险与流行病学家归因于饮食因素的癌症病例数（占所有癌症病例的三分之一，即每百万人中约有80，000例）进行了比较。除了酒精，已知的饮食致癌物不能解释超过几百个癌症病例。这一点在与DNA反应的致癌物（杂环芳香胺、多环芳香烃、N-亚硝基化合物、草醚、黄曲霉毒素B1、氨基甲酸乙酯等最重要的因素）以及那些未被证明与DNA反应的致癌物（如咖啡酸和致癌金属砷和镉）中都可以看到。残留物和污染物被证明是微不足道的。在解释这种差异的各种可能性中，我们研究了营养过剩的作用。众所周知，动物的饮食限制对自发性肿瘤形成具有强烈的减少作用。这些数据可用于推导过量常量营养素的致癌效力：将限制饲养动物的肿瘤发生率作为对照值，自由采食动物的肿瘤发生率增加归因于额外的摄食量。对于大鼠的过量标准饮食，从最近的一项研究中推导出致癌效力TD 50为16 g/kg/天。瑞士的营养过剩估计为5.5千卡/千克/天，转换为过量食物（1.9克/千克/天），并计算癌症发病率。结果是，每100万人中有6万例癌症病例，这与已知的饮食化学致癌物无法解释的病例数量非常接近。需要进行机制研究来验证我们的假设，并调查不同类型的常量营养素在营养过剩中的作用。
The intake of known dietary carcinogens was compiled and the cancer risk was estimated on the basis of carcinogenic potencies in animals as derived from the Carcinogenic Potency Database by Gold and co-workers. The total cancer risk was compared with the number of cancer cases attributed by epidemiologists to dietary factors (one-third of all cancer cases, i.e. approximately 80,000 per one million lives). Except for alcohol, the known dietary carcinogens could not account for more than a few hundred cancer cases. This was seen both with the DNA-reactive carcinogens (heterocyclic aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, N-nitroso compounds, estragole, aflatoxin B1, ethyl carbamate, to name the most important factors) as well as with those carcinogens which have not been shown to react with DNA (e.g. caffeic acid and the carcinogenic metals arsenic and cadmium). Residues and contaminants turned out to be negligible. Among the various possibilities to explain the discrepancy we investigated the role of overnutrition. Dietary restriction in animals is well known for its strong reducing effect on spontaneous tumor formation. These data can be used to derive a carcinogenic potency for excess macronutrients: the tumor incidence seen with the restricted animals is taken as a control value and the increased tumor incidence in the animals fed ad libitum is attributed to the additional feed intake. For excess standard diet in rats, a carcinogenic potency TD50 of 16 g/kg/day was deduced from a recent study. Overnutrition in Switzerland, estimated to be 5.5 kcal/kg/day, was converted to excess food (1.9 g/kg/day) and the cancer incidence was calculated. The result, 60,000 cancer cases per one million lives, is provocatively close to the number of cases not explained by the known dietary chemical carcinogens. Mechanistic studies will be required to test our hypothesis and investigate the role of different types of macronutrients in overnutrition.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.87.19.7777
发表时间：
1990-10-01
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
AMES, BN;PROFET, M;GOLD, LS
通讯作者：
GOLD, LS
DOI：
10.1016/0027-5107(91)90157-j
发表时间：
1991-09-01
期刊：
MUTATION RESEARCH
影响因子：
--
作者：
AMES, BN;GOLD, LS
通讯作者：
GOLD, LS
影响因子：
11.2
作者：
S. Cohen;L. Ellwein
通讯作者：
S. Cohen;L. Ellwein
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
WEINDRUCH, R;WALFORD, RL
通讯作者：
WALFORD, RL
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
COHEN, SM;ELLWEIN, LB
通讯作者：
ELLWEIN, LB