Counterfactuals and Non-exceptionalism About Modal Knowledge

Counterfactuals and Non-exceptionalism About Modal Knowledge
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关于模态知识的反事实和非例外论

DOI:
10.1007/s10670-018-0086-5
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发表时间:
2019
期刊:
影响因子:
0.9
通讯作者:
Daniel
Daniel
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--
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--
作者:
Daniel

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由于我们认知现实的能力和方法似乎只是告诉我们事物是如何的,但只是在它们如何可能或必须是的密切范围内,我们对纯粹可能性和必然性的知识的主张引起了例外论的怀疑:与认知现实所涉及的能力和方法相比,发展这些主张所使用的能力和方法似乎是特殊的。人们可能会怀疑,特别是关于他们,有疑问,他们可以自然地解释。为了避免例外论,蒂莫西威廉姆森提出将情态的认识论还原为日常反事实的认识论。有人怀疑这项提议能否成功。一个反对意见是,反事实为基础的认识论未能说明形而上学的必要性,如起源的必要性。为了使解释涵盖这些必要性,构成性事实(如生物的起源)必须形成隐含的约束,这些约束内置于日常反事实推理的能力中。但反事实推理真的如此受限吗?我回答这个问题是肯定的,提出了一个认识论的反事实模态认识论的基础上,约束逐渐出现了广泛的溯因过程中,从日常反事实推理。这一过程并不预先假定对某些事实的构成地位有任何独立的认识。
Since our capacities and methods of cognizing reality merely seem to tell us how things are but only within close limits how they could or must be, our claims to knowledge of mere possibilities and necessities raise the suspicion of exceptionalism: the capacities and methods used in developing these claims seem special compared to those involved in cognizing reality. One may be sceptical especially with regard to them, and there are doubts that they can be naturalistically explained. To avoid exceptionalism, Timothy Williamson has proposed to reduce the epistemology of modality to the epistemology of everyday counterfactuals. There are doubts that the proposal succeeds. One objection is that the counterfactual-based epistemology fails to account for metaphysical necessities like the necessity of origin. For the account to cover such necessities, constitutive facts like the origin of a living being would have to form implicit constraints built into the capacity for everyday counterfactual reasoning. But is counterfactual reasoning indeed so constrained? I answer this question in the affirmative, presenting an epistemology of counterfactuals for modal epistemology to build on. The constraints gradually emerge by a broadly abductive process, starting from within everyday counterfactual reasoning. The process does not presuppose any independent knowledge of the constitutive status of certain facts.
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