What were the historical reasons for the resistance to recognizing airborne transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic?
What were the historical reasons for the resistance to recognizing airborne transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic?
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DOI：
10.1111/ina.13070
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发表时间：
2022-08
期刊：
影响因子：
5.8
通讯作者：
Prather, Kimberly A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jimenez, Jose L.;Marr, Linsey C.;Randall, Katherine;Ewing, Edward Thomas;Tufekci, Zeynep;Greenhalgh, Trish;Tellier, Raymond;Tang, Julian W.;Li, Yuguo;Morawska, Lidia;Mesiano-Crookston, Jonathan;Fisman, David;Hegarty, Orla;Dancer, Stephanie J.;Bluyssen, Philomena M.;Buonanno, Giorgio;Loomans, Marcel G. L. C.;Bahnfleth, William P.;Yao, Maosheng;Sekhar, Chandra;Wargocki, Pawel;Melikov, Arsen K.;Prather, Kimberly A.
关于SARS-CoV-2主要是通过飞沫还是气溶胶传播的问题一直存在很大争议。我们试图通过对其他疾病传播研究的历史分析来解释这一争议。在人类历史的大部分时间里，占主导地位的范式是许多疾病都是通过空气传播的，通常是长距离的，而且是以一种虚幻的方式传播的。世纪中后期，随着细菌理论的兴起，以及霍乱、产褥热和疟疾等疾病被发现以其他方式传播，这种瘴气模式受到了挑战。由于他对接触/飞沫感染重要性的看法，以及他在瘴气理论的剩余影响中遇到的阻力，着名的公共卫生官员查尔斯·查平在1910年帮助启动了一个成功的范式转变，认为空气传播最不可能。这种新的模式成为主导。然而，由于对气溶胶缺乏了解，在解释传播途径的研究证据时出现了系统性错误。在接下来的50年里，空气传播被认为对所有主要的呼吸道疾病来说都是微不足道的，直到1962年肺结核的空气传播（被错误地认为是通过飞沫传播的）被证明。接触/飞沫模式仍然占主导地位，在COVID-19之前，只有少数疾病被广泛接受为空气传播：那些明显传播给不在同一房间的人的疾病。受COVID-19大流行的启发，跨学科研究的加速表明，空气传播是这种疾病的主要传播方式，并且可能对许多呼吸道传染病具有重要意义。
The question of whether SARS‐CoV‐2 is mainly transmitted by droplets or aerosols has been highly controversial. We sought to explain this controversy through a historical analysis of transmission research in other diseases. For most of human history, the dominant paradigm was that many diseases were carried by the air, often over long distances and in a phantasmagorical way. This miasmatic paradigm was challenged in the mid to late 19th century with the rise of germ theory, and as diseases such as cholera, puerperal fever, and malaria were found to actually transmit in other ways. Motivated by his views on the importance of contact/droplet infection, and the resistance he encountered from the remaining influence of miasma theory, prominent public health official Charles Chapin in 1910 helped initiate a successful paradigm shift, deeming airborne transmission most unlikely. This new paradigm became dominant. However, the lack of understanding of aerosols led to systematic errors in the interpretation of research evidence on transmission pathways. For the next five decades, airborne transmission was considered of negligible or minor importance for all major respiratory diseases, until a demonstration of airborne transmission of tuberculosis (which had been mistakenly thought to be transmitted by droplets) in 1962. The contact/droplet paradigm remained dominant, and only a few diseases were widely accepted as airborne before COVID‐19: those that were clearly transmitted to people not in the same room. The acceleration of interdisciplinary research inspired by the COVID‐19 pandemic has shown that airborne transmission is a major mode of transmission for this disease, and is likely to be significant for many respiratory infectious diseases.
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DOI：
10.1126/science.abg6296
发表时间：
2021-05-20
期刊：
Science (New York, N.Y.)
影响因子：
--
作者：
Cheng Y;Ma N;Witt C;Rapp S;Wild PS;Andreae MO;Pöschl U;Su H
通讯作者：
Su H
影响因子：
6.4
作者：
Booth, TF;Kournikakis, B;Plummer, F
通讯作者：
Plummer, F
影响因子：
11.8
作者：
Buonanno, G.;Morawska, L.;Stabile, L.
通讯作者：
Stabile, L.
影响因子：
7.4
作者：
Chen, Wenzhao;Zhang, Nan;Li, Yuguo
通讯作者：
Li, Yuguo
DOI：
10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.24.2100509
发表时间：
2021-06
期刊：
Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin
影响因子：
--
作者：
Campbell F;Archer B;Laurenson-Schafer H;Jinnai Y;Konings F;Batra N;Pavlin B;Vandemaele K;Van Kerkhove MD;Jombart T;Morgan O;le Polain de Waroux O
通讯作者：
le Polain de Waroux O