Neglect as a Violation of Species-Expectant Experience: Neurodevelopmental Consequences.
Neglect as a Violation of Species-Expectant Experience: Neurodevelopmental Consequences.
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忽视是对物种的经验的侵犯：神经发育后果。
DOI：
10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.02.1096
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发表时间：
2017-10-01
影响因子：
10.6
通讯作者：
Nelson CA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
McLaughlin KA;Sheridan MA;Nelson CA
人脑需要各种各样的经验和环境输入才能正常发育。被照顾者忽视或在机构环境中长大的儿童被剥夺了多种类型的期待物种的环境经验。在这篇综述中，我们阐明了一个模型，即缺乏认知刺激以及在剥夺早期环境中长大的儿童普遍存在的感觉、运动、语言和社会经验如何限制早期学习形式，导致复杂认知功能和联想学习的长期缺陷。基于动物模型的证据，我们认为剥夺会加速突触修剪的神经发育过程，并抑制髓鞘形成，导致在剥夺的早期环境中长大的儿童的皮质厚度和白质完整性因年龄而异的减少。我们回顾了将心理社会剥夺的早期经历与认知能力、联想和内隐学习、语言技能和执行功能的降低以及皮质和白质发育的非典型模式联系起来的证据，这些领域应该通过我们提出的学习和神经机制受到剥夺的深刻影响。这些非典型发育的模式很难用现有的强调应激途径和加速边缘系统发育的模型来解释。一篇关于早期剥夺环境如何影响认知和神经发育的学习报告为压力模型提供了一个补充视角，并强调了剥夺可能通过哪些新途径赋予内化和外化精神病理学风险。最后，我们回顾了在改善照料质量的干预措施后，在贫困环境中长大的儿童在认知和神经发育方面可塑性的证据。
The human brain requires a wide variety of experiences and environmental inputs in order to develop normally. Children who are neglected by caregivers or raised in institutional environments are deprived of numerous types of species-expectant environmental experiences. In this review, we articulate a model of how the absence of cognitive stimulation and sensory, motor, linguistic, and social experiences common among children raised in deprived early environments constrains early forms of learning, producing long term deficits in complex cognitive function and associative learning. Building on evidence from animal models, we propose that deprivation accelerates the neurodevelopmental process of synaptic pruning and constrains myelination, resulting in age-specific reductions in cortical thickness and white matter integrity among children raised in deprived early environments. We review evidence linking early experiences of psychosocial deprivation to reductions in cognitive ability, associative and implicit learning, language skills, and executive functions as well as atypical patterns of cortical and white matter development—domains that should be profoundly influenced by deprivation through the learning and neural mechanisms we propose. These patterns of atypical development are difficult to explain with existing models that emphasize stress pathways and accelerated limbic system development. A learning account of how deprived early environments influence cognitive and neural development provides a complementary perspective to stress models and highlights novel pathways through which deprivation might confer risk for internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. We end by reviewing evidence for plasticity in cognitive and neural development among children raised in deprived environments following interventions that improve caregiving quality.
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影响因子：
26.1
作者：
Bick, Johanna;Zhu, Tong;Stamoulis, Catherine;Fox, Nathan A.;Zeanah, Charles;Nelson, Charles A.
通讯作者：
Nelson, Charles A.
影响因子：
5.3
作者：
Baroncelli, Laura;Scali, Manuela;Sale, Alessandro
通讯作者：
Sale, Alessandro
影响因子：
17.7
作者：
Bogdan, Ryan;Williamson, Douglas E.;Hariri, Ahmad R.
通讯作者：
Hariri, Ahmad R.
影响因子：
4.6
作者：
Best JR;Miller PH
通讯作者：
Miller PH
影响因子：
120.7
作者：
Albers, LH;Johnson, DE;Miller, LC
通讯作者：
Miller, LC