Sexual differentiation of the rodent brain: dogma and beyond.
Sexual differentiation of the rodent brain: dogma and beyond.
复制标题
DOI：
10.3389/fnins.2012.00026
复制
发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
4.3
通讯作者：
McCarthy MM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lenz KM;Nugent BM;McCarthy MM
性腺来源的类固醇激素作用于新生儿大脑，产生性别差异，这是成年生殖生理和行为的基础。神经元的性别差异发生在各种水平上，包括区域体积和/或细胞数量、形态、生理、分子信号和基因表达的差异。在啮齿类动物中，许多性别差异是由类固醇激素，特别是雌二醇决定的，并由不同的下游效应建立。一个由雌二醇有效组织的大脑区域是视前区（POA），该区域与许多显示性别差异的行为密切相关，包括交配和母性行为。本综述侧重于POA作为一个案例研究，举例说明我们的知识的深度和广度，以及在了解性腺激素产生持久的神经和行为的性别差异的机制的差距。在POA中，多种细胞类型，包括神经元、星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞被雌二醇雄性化。涉及多个下游分子介质，包括拟南芥素、各种谷氨酸受体、蛋白激酶A和几种免疫信号分子。此外，新出现的证据表明，表观遗传机制维持了POA中的性别差异，这些差异在围产期组织起来，从而产生永久的行为变化。我们还审查了新兴的策略，以更好地阐明遗传学和表观遗传学有助于大脑和行为性别差异的机制。
Steroid hormones of gonadal origin act on the neonatal brain to produce sex differences that underlie adult reproductive physiology and behavior. Neuronal sex differences occur on a variety of levels, including differences in regional volume and/or cell number, morphology, physiology, molecular signaling, and gene expression. In the rodent, many of these sex differences are determined by steroid hormones, particularly estradiol, and are established by diverse downstream effects. One brain region that is potently organized by estradiol is the preoptic area (POA), a region critically involved in many behaviors that show sex differences, including copulatory and maternal behaviors. This review focuses on the POA as a case study exemplifying the depth and breadth of our knowledge as well as the gaps in understanding the mechanisms through which gonadal hormones produce lasting neural and behavioral sex differences. In the POA, multiple cell types, including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia are masculinized by estradiol. Multiple downstream molecular mediators are involved, including prostaglandins, various glutamate receptors, protein kinase A, and several immune signaling molecules. Moreover, emerging evidence indicates epigenetic mechanisms maintain sex differences in the POA that are organized perinatally and thereby produce permanent behavioral changes. We also review emerging strategies to better elucidate the mechanisms through which genetics and epigenetics contribute to brain and behavioral sex differences.
登录
查看更多内容
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Burks, S. R.;Wright, C. L.;McCarthy, M. M.
通讯作者：
McCarthy, M. M.
影响因子：
64.5
作者：
Bhutani N;Burns DM;Blau HM
通讯作者：
Blau HM
影响因子：
7.4
作者：
Arnold, Arthur P.;Chen, Xuqi
通讯作者：
Chen, Xuqi
影响因子：
4.8
作者：
Bodo, C;Kudwa, AE;Rissman, EF
通讯作者：
Rissman, EF
影响因子：
9.3
作者：
Alboni S;Cervia D;Sugama S;Conti B
通讯作者：
Conti B