Mobility Patterns During COVID-19 Travel Restrictions in Nairobi Urban Informal Settlements: Who Is Leaving Home and Why.
Mobility Patterns During COVID-19 Travel Restrictions in Nairobi Urban Informal Settlements: Who Is Leaving Home and Why.
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DOI：
10.1007/s11524-020-00507-w
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发表时间：
2021-04
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Ngo TD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pinchoff J;Kraus-Perrotta C;Austrian K;Tidwell JB;Abuya T;Mwanga D;Kangwana B;Ochako R;Muluve E;Mbushi F;Nzioki M;Ngo TD
由于人口密度高、多代家庭居住在通风不良的非正规住房中以及卫生条件差，内罗毕的城市贫民窟缺乏预防新型冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 传播的能力。 2020 年 3 月和 4 月实施的保持社交距离政策、宵禁和全市封锁导致全市活动急剧减少。然而，大多数人无法完全呆在家里（例如，每天出门去取水）。如果仍然受雇，他们可能需要长途跋涉去工作，可能会接触到新冠病毒 (COVID-19) 或导致其传播。我们对五个城市贫民窟进行了家庭调查，以描述过去 24 小时内与流动性相关的因素。共有 1695 名成年人接受了采访，其中 63% 是女性。其中，大多数人报告在其非正式住区内进行邻里流动（54%），19% 的人完全呆在家里，27% 的人报告在其非正式住区外进行长途流动，主要是为了工作。在调整后的多项回归模型中，女性呆在家里的可能性比男性高 58%（相对风险比 (RRR)：1.58，95% 置信区间 (CI)：1.16、2.14），女性报告全市流动性的可能性比男性低 60%（RRR：0.40；95% CI 0.31、0.52）。最富有的五分之一的人，尤其是年轻女性，最有可能根本不离开家。那些报告在城市范围内旅行的人失业的可能性较小（RRR：0.49；95％CI 0.38，0.65）并且避免公共交通的可能性较小（RRR：0.30；95％CI 0.23，0.39）。就业和找工作是走出贫民窟的主要原因；不到 20% 的人报告了其他原因。我们的研究结果表明，保留工作的贫民窟居民使用公共交通工具穿越内罗毕更远的距离，而且更有可能是男性；这种旅行可能会使他们面临更高的 COVID-19 感染风险，但对于维持收入来说是必要的。由于 COVID-19 缓解措施导致城市经济不安全感加剧，因此采取措施保护工人在工作场所和运输途中免受 COVID-19 感染（包括口罩、洗手液站和减少公共交通运力）至关重要。工人必须能够通勤并维持就业，以免进一步陷入贫困。此外，为了保护大多数仅在定居点内进行本地旅行的人，还必须实施缓解措施，例如在非正规定居点内提供口罩和洗手站，并特别注意妇女的负担。
Nairobi’s urban slums are ill equipped to prevent spread of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) due to high population density, multigenerational families in poorly ventilated informal housing, and poor sanitation. Physical distancing policies, curfews, and a citywide lockdown were implemented in March and April 2020 resulting in sharp decreases in movement across the city. However, most people cannot afford to stay home completely (e.g., leaving daily to fetch water). If still employed, they may need to travel longer distances for work, potentially exposing them COVID-19 or contributing to its spread. We conducted a household survey across five urban slums to describe factors associated with mobility in the previous 24 h. A total of 1695 adults were interviewed, 63% female. Of these, most reported neighborhood mobility within their informal settlement (54%), 19% stayed home completely, and 27% reported long-distance mobility outside their informal settlement, mainly for work. In adjusted multinomial regression models, women were 58% more likely than men to stay home (relative risk ratio (RRR): 1.58, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16, 2.14) and women were 60% less likely than men to report citywide mobility (RRR: 0.40; 95% CI 0.31, 0.52). Individuals in the wealthiest quintile, particularly younger women, were most likely to not leave home at all. Those who reported citywide travel were less likely to have lost employment (RRR: 0.49; 95% CI 0.38, 0.65) and were less likely to avoid public transportation (RRR: 0.30; 95% CI 0.23, 0.39). Employment and job hunting were the main reasons for traveling outside of the slum; less than 20% report other reasons. Our findings suggest that slum residents who retain their employment are traveling larger distances across Nairobi, using public transportation, and are more likely to be male; this travel may put them at higher risk of COVID-19 infection but is necessary to maintain income. Steps to protect workers from COVID-19 both in the workplace and while in transit (including masks, hand sanitizer stations, and reduced capacity on public transportation) are critical as economic insecurity in the city increases due to COVID-19 mitigation measures. Workers must be able to commute and maintain employment to not be driven further into poverty. Additionally, to protect the majority of individuals who are only travelling locally within their settlement, mitigation measures such as making masks and handwashing stations accessible within informal settlements must also be implemented, with special attention to the burden placed on women.
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