Infection strategies of mycoplasmas: Unraveling the panoply of virulence factors.
Infection strategies of mycoplasmas: Unraveling the panoply of virulence factors.
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支原体感染策略：解开毒力因子的全部
DOI：
10.1080/21505594.2021.1889813
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发表时间：
2021-12
期刊：
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Xiaoxing Y
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yiwen C;Yueyue W;Lianmei Q;Cuiming Z;Xiaoxing Y
摘要 支原体是最小的缺乏细胞壁的细菌，可引起人类和动物的多种疾病。支原体含有多种毒力因子，使它们能够克服进入宿主的众多障碍；使用辅助蛋白，支原体粘附素可以与宿主细胞的受体或细胞外基质结合。尽管在大多数情况下宿主免疫系统可以消灭入侵的支原体，但少数聪明的支原体采用一系列入侵和免疫逃逸策略来确保它们在宿主体内继续生存。例如，荚膜多糖对于抗吞噬作用和免疫调节至关重要。侵入性酶降解活性氧、中性粒细胞胞外陷阱和免疫球蛋白。生物膜的形成对于建立持续感染很重要。在增殖过程中，成功存活的支原体会产生大量代谢物，包括过氧化氢、氨和硫化氢；或分泌各种外毒素，如社区获得性呼吸窘迫综合征毒素、溶血素等；并表达各种致病酶，所有这些酶都对宿主细胞具有强大的毒性作用。此外，支原体的一些固有成分，如脂质、膜脂蛋白，甚至支原体产生的超抗原，可以对宿主细胞或免疫系统产生显着的致病影响。在这篇综述中，我们描述了臭名昭著的支原体工具包中提出的毒力因子，以更好地了解这些细菌的致病特征及其致病机制。
ABSTRACT Mycoplasmas, the smallest bacteria lacking a cell wall, can cause various diseases in both humans and animals. Mycoplasmas harbor a variety of virulence factors that enable them to overcome numerous barriers of entry into the host; using accessory proteins, mycoplasma adhesins can bind to the receptors or extracellular matrix of the host cell. Although the host immune system can eradicate the invading mycoplasma in most cases, a few sagacious mycoplasmas employ a series of invasion and immune escape strategies to ensure their continued survival within their hosts. For instance, capsular polysaccharides are crucial for anti-phagocytosis and immunomodulation. Invasive enzymes degrade reactive oxygen species, neutrophil extracellular traps, and immunoglobulins. Biofilm formation is important for establishing a persistent infection. During proliferation, successfully surviving mycoplasmas generate numerous metabolites, including hydrogen peroxide, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide; or secrete various exotoxins, such as community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome toxin, and hemolysins; and express various pathogenic enzymes, all of which have potent toxic effects on host cells. Furthermore, some inherent components of mycoplasmas, such as lipids, membrane lipoproteins, and even mycoplasma-generated superantigens, can exert a significant pathogenic impact on the host cells or the immune system. In this review, we describe the proposed virulence factors in the toolkit of notorious mycoplasmas to better understand the pathogenic features of these bacteria, along with their pathogenic mechanisms.
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作者：
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