On Presuppositional Implicatures

On Presuppositional Implicatures
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论预设含义

DOI:
10.1007/s11245-014-9281-4
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发表时间:
2016
期刊:
Topoi
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
--
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--
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--
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当说话人在有逻辑上较强的备选方案可用的情况下使用逻辑上较弱的备选方案时,就会产生标量含意。我称之为预设隐含,当说话者使用预设较弱的替代,而有预设较强的替代可用时,就会产生预设隐含。我的目标是给出一个详细的、可行的预设隐含理论,并证明它们是标量隐含的一个特例。在这样做的过程中,我仔细地对比了预设暗示和反预设。这两种现象在文献中一直被认为是密切相关的,但一些区别并没有得到充分的认识。当预设较弱的替代项在满足预设较强替代项的预设的语境中被不恰当地使用时,反预设被观察到。当假设较弱的选择被恰当地使用在不满足假设较强的选择的预设,但较强的预设本可以被容纳的语境中时,预设隐含就产生了。对这一差异的关注揭示了Schlenker(Nat Lang Semant 20:391-429,2012)预设含义理论中的一个缺陷。这篇论文既指出了这一缺陷,也弥补了这一缺陷。
Scalar implicatures arise when a speaker uses a logically weak alternative in a context where a logically stronger alternative was available. Presuppositional implicatures, as I call them, arise when a speaker uses a presuppositionally weak alternative when a presuppositionally stronger alternative was available. My goal is to give a detailed, working theory of presuppositional implicatures, and show that they are a special case of scalar implicatures. In doing so, I carefully contrast presuppositional implicatures with antipresuppositions. These two phenomena have been treated as closely related in the literature, but some differences have not been adequately appreciated. Antipresuppositions are observed when a presuppositionally weak alternative is infelicitously used in a context that satisfies the presupposition of a presuppositionally stronger alternative. Presuppositional implicatures arise when a presuppositionally weak alternative is felicitously used in a context that does not satisfy the presupposition of a presuppositionally stronger alternative, but where that stronger presupposition would have been accommodated. Attention to this difference reveals a shortcoming in Schlenker’s (Nat Lang Semant 20:391–429, 2012) theory of presuppositional implicature. This paper both identifies and remedies that shortcoming.
最大化预设和格莱斯推理
DOI: 10.1007/s11050-012-9085-2
发表时间: 2012
影响因子: 1.1
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Arnim von Stechow;D. Wunderlich
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