Circadian Rhythms of the Hypothalamus: From Function to Physiology.
Circadian Rhythms of the Hypothalamus: From Function to Physiology.
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DOI：
10.3390/clockssleep3010012
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发表时间：
2021-02-25
期刊：
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
Eckel-Mahan K
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Van Drunen R;Eckel-Mahan K
被称为昼夜节律的内源性24小时振荡的几乎无处不在的表达调节体内生理功能的时间。这些内在的节奏对外界的线索很敏感，被称为时间表，它将内部的生物过程带入光、温度和食物可用性等日常环境变化。光直接携带主时钟，视交叉上核（SCN）位于大脑的下丘脑，负责同步内部节奏。然而，最近的证据强调了其他下丘脑核团在调节几个基本的节奏生物功能的重要性。这些额外的SCN下丘脑核团也表达昼夜节律，表明不同的地区，振荡半自主或独立的SCN神经支配。同时，SCN外下丘脑核也对营养和激素信号的波动敏感。因此，食物摄入是下丘脑振荡器调节能量稳态的另一个强有力的促进因素。消融研究和具有扰动的SCN外下丘脑核功能的遗传小鼠模型揭示了它们在一系列功能中的关键下游参与，包括代谢、产热、食物消耗、口渴、情绪和睡眠。对内部昼夜节律周期长期中断的个体进行的大型流行病学研究表明，我们内部生物钟的中断与肥胖和几种神经系统疾病和障碍的风险增加有关。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了下丘脑SCN外核在节律性调节和协调全身功能中的重要作用。
The nearly ubiquitous expression of endogenous 24 h oscillations known as circadian rhythms regulate the timing of physiological functions in the body. These intrinsic rhythms are sensitive to external cues, known as zeitgebers, which entrain the internal biological processes to the daily environmental changes in light, temperature, and food availability. Light directly entrains the master clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) which lies in the hypothalamus of the brain and is responsible for synchronizing internal rhythms. However, recent evidence underscores the importance of other hypothalamic nuclei in regulating several essential rhythmic biological functions. These extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei also express circadian rhythms, suggesting distinct regions that oscillate either semi-autonomously or independent of SCN innervation. Concurrently, the extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei are also sensitized to fluctuations in nutrient and hormonal signals. Thus, food intake acts as another powerful entrainer for the hypothalamic oscillators’ mediation of energy homeostasis. Ablation studies and genetic mouse models with perturbed extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei function reveal their critical downstream involvement in an array of functions including metabolism, thermogenesis, food consumption, thirst, mood and sleep. Large epidemiological studies of individuals whose internal circadian cycle is chronically disrupted reveal that disruption of our internal clock is associated with an increased risk of obesity and several neurological diseases and disorders. In this review, we discuss the profound role of the extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei in rhythmically regulating and coordinating body wide functions.
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