The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease - what are they, how big are they and where do they occur?
The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease - what are they, how big are they and where do they occur?
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DOI：
10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013
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发表时间：
2013-11-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Rushton J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Knight-Jones TJ;Rushton J
尽管口蹄疫（FMD）是一种死亡率较低的疾病，但由于受影响的动物数量众多，其对全球的影响是巨大的。这种影响可以分为两个部分：（1）产量减少和畜群结构变化造成的直接损失； (2) 因口蹄疫控制成本、市场准入不畅和改进生产技术使用有限而造成的间接损失。本文估计，仅流行地区的可见生产损失和疫苗接种方面，FMD 每年造成的影响就达 6.5 至 210 亿美元。此外，无FMD国家和地区的疫情每年造成>15亿美元的损失。口蹄疫产量损失对世界上最贫困的人口产生了重大影响，因为那里有更多的人直接依赖畜牧业。口蹄疫会降低牛群繁殖力，导致牛群结构效率降低，并阻碍使用易受口蹄疫影响的高产品种。总体而言，直接损失限制了牲畜生产力，影响粮食安全。在实施持续控制计划的国家，口蹄疫控制和管理会产生巨大成本。由于新的口蹄疫入侵的风险，这些控制计划通常很难停止。口蹄疫的存在甚至威胁阻碍了其进入利润丰厚的国际市场。在无口蹄疫的国家，疫情会定期发生，恢复无口蹄疫状态所需的成本是巨大的。世界各地的口蹄疫影响并不相同：口蹄疫具有高度传染性，一名农民的行为会影响其他农场发生口蹄疫的风险；从而产生了相当大的外部性。因此，控制需要国家内部和国家之间的协调。这些外部性意味着口蹄疫控制产生了大量公共产品，证明了国家和国际公共投资的必要性。为贫穷国家提供控制口蹄疫所需的工具将涉及国家兽医服务的长期发展，这反过来又将为国家带来更广泛的利益，包括控制其他牲畜疾病。
Although a disease of low mortality, the global impact of foot and mouth disease (FMD) is colossal due to the huge numbers of animals affected. This impact can be separated into two components: (1) direct losses due to reduced production and changes in herd structure; and (2) indirect losses caused by costs of FMD control, poor access to markets and limited use of improved production technologies. This paper estimates that annual impact of FMD in terms of visible production losses and vaccination in endemic regions alone amount to between US$6.5 and 21 billion. In addition, outbreaks in FMD free countries and zones cause losses of >US$1.5 billion a year. FMD production losses have a big impact on the world's poorest where more people are directly dependent on livestock. FMD reduces herd fertility leading to less efficient herd structures and discourages the use of FMD susceptible, high productivity breeds. Overall the direct losses limit livestock productivity affecting food security. In countries with ongoing control programmes, FMD control and management creates large costs. These control programmes are often difficult to discontinue due to risks of new FMD incursion. The presence, or even threat, of FMD prevents access to lucrative international markets. In FMD free countries outbreaks occur periodically and the costs involved in regaining free status have been enormous. FMD impacts are not the same throughout the world: FMD is highly contagious and the actions of one farmer affect the risk of FMD occurring on other holdings; thus sizeable externalities are generated. Control therefore requires coordination within and between countries. These externalities imply that FMD control produces a significant amount of public goods, justifying the need for national and international public investment. Equipping poor countries with the tools needed to control FMD will involve the long term development of state veterinary services that in turn will deliver wider benefits to a nation including the control of other livestock diseases.
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影响因子：
4.3
作者：
Ferrari, G.;Tasciotti, L.;Kiani, A.
通讯作者：
Kiani, A.
DOI：
10.20506/rst.21.3.1357
发表时间：
2002-12-01
期刊：
REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DE L OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES
影响因子：
--
作者：
Garner, MG;Fisher, BS;Murray, JG
通讯作者：
Murray, JG
影响因子：
1.5
作者：
Carpenter, Tim E.;O'Brien, Joshua M.;McCarl, Bruce A.
通讯作者：
McCarl, Bruce A.
DOI：
10.20506/rst.28.3.1935
发表时间：
2009-12-01
影响因子：
0.6
作者：
Forman, S.;Le Gall, F.;Yoshimura, S.
通讯作者：
Yoshimura, S.
影响因子：
4.3
作者：
Barasa, M.;Catley, A.;Ikiror, D.
通讯作者：
Ikiror, D.