Haul-out behaviour of the world's northernmost population of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) throughout the year.
Haul-out behaviour of the world's northernmost population of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) throughout the year.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0086055
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Kovacs KM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hamilton CD;Lydersen C;Ims RA;Kovacs KM
斯瓦尔巴群岛的斑海豹种群分布在该物种分布范围的最北端。它经历的极端环境远远超出了该物种的正常水平，包括长时间的极夜和大面积的海冰覆盖。 2009 年和 2010 年，该种群中的 60 只斑海豹（30 只幼崽 + 30 只未成熟/成熟海豹）配备了卫星中继数据记录仪 (SRDL)，以研究它们的拖出行为，特别关注冬季。结合广义加性混合模型和Cox比例风险模型，探讨了性别、成熟度、时间、空间和环境因素对拖运行为的影响。即使在极夜最冷的时期，所有海豹仍继续出海，尽管未成熟和成熟海豹每天的出海时间都表现出明显的季节性。在这些年龄组中，每天花费的时间从 9 月的约 5.2 小时减少到 2 月的约 1.2 小时，而幼犬的季节性表现出较少的变化（全年大部分时间为约 2.4 小时/天）。平均海上时间也表现出季节性，二月份增加到最长约 1.6 天（个体动物的每月最长时间范围为 7 至 19 天）。海豹在陆地上拖运时表现出强烈的偏好在低潮时拖运，但在使用海冰作为拖运平台时则不然。在昼夜循环和午夜阳光的几个月里，牵引行为存在昼夜节律，但在极夜期间则不然。与绝对温度值相比，牵引行为在更大程度上受到气压（通过其对风速的影响）的影响。斯瓦尔巴特群岛的极端环境可能会导致一些生理挑战，这些挑战可能会对存活率产生负面影响，尤其是幼崽的存活率。气候变暖可能会对斯瓦尔巴群岛的斑海豹种群产生积极影响。
The harbour seal population in Svalbard occurs at the northernmost limit of the species' range. It experiences environmental extremes far beyond the norm for this species, including an extended period of polar night and extensive sea ice cover. In 2009 and 2010, 60 harbour seals (30 pups + 30 immature/mature seals) from this population were equipped with Satellite-Relay Data Loggers (SRDLs) to study their haul-out behaviour, with a special focus on the winter period. Using a combination of Generalized Additive Mixed Models and Cox Proportional Hazard models, the influences of sex, maturity, temporal, spatial and environmental factors on haul-out behaviour were explored. All of the seals continued to haul out even through the coldest periods during the polar night, though clear seasonality in the time spent hauled out daily was displayed by both immature and mature seals. Time spent hauled out daily decreased from ∼5.2 hrs in September to ∼1.2 hrs in February in these age groups, while pups displayed less seasonality (∼2.4 hrs/day throughout most of the year). The average at-sea period also exhibited seasonality, increasing to a maximum of ∼1.6 days in February (monthly maxima for individual animals ranged from 7 to 19 days). The seals showed a strong preference to haul out at low tide when hauling out on land but not when using sea ice as a haul-out platform. A diel rhythm in haul-out behaviour was present during the months with day–night cycling and midnight sun but not during the polar night. Haul-out behaviour was impacted to a greater extent by air pressure, through its effect on wind speed, than by absolute temperature values. The extreme environment in Svalbard likely causes some physiological challenges that might impact survival rates negatively, particularly among pups. Climate warming is likely to have positive effects on Svalbard's harbour seal population.
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