Refining the understanding of inhibitory processes: how response prepotency is created and overcome.

Refining the understanding of inhibitory processes: how response prepotency is created and overcome.
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加深对抑制过程的理解:如何产生和克服反应优势。

DOI:
10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01105.x
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发表时间:
2012
影响因子:
3.7
通讯作者:
Diamond,Adele
Diamond,Adele
中科院分区:
心理学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Simpson,Andrew;Riggs,KevinJ;Beck,SarahR;Gorniak,SarahL;Wu,Yvette;Abbott,David;Diamond,Adele

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了解(a)反应如何变得更有效,可以深入了解日常生活中何时需要抑制。了解 (b) 如何克服反应优势可以为帮助儿童制定克服此类倾向的策略提供见解。关于(a),在诸如昼夜斯特鲁普式任务之类的任务中,是否很难抑制说出刺激的名称,因为名称在语义上与正确的响应相关,或者它是任务的有效响应(即响应集的成员),尽管对于该刺激来说是不正确的?实验 1(40 名 4 岁儿童)表明,优势是由响应集中的成员资格而不是语义关系引起的。关于 (b),Diamond、Kirkham 和 Amso(2002)发现,如果实验者在出示刺激卡后、在孩子做出反应之前唱一首小曲,那么 4 岁的孩子就能成功完成昼夜任务。他们的结论是,这是因为延迟孩子的反应让他们有时间计算正确答案。然而,实验 2(针对 90 名 3 岁儿童)表明,这种延迟是有帮助的,因为它提供了错误的、有效的响应时间来被动消散,而不是因为延迟期间的主动计算。
Understanding (a) how responses become prepotent provides insights into when inhibition is needed in everyday life. Understanding (b) how response prepotency is overcome provides insights for helping children develop strategies for overcoming such tendencies. Concerning (a), on tasks such as the day‐night Stroop‐like task, is the difficulty with inhibiting saying the name of the stimulus due to the name being semantically related to the correct response or to its being a valid response on the task (i.e. a member of the response set) though incorrect for this stimulus? Experiment 1 (with 40 4‐year‐olds) suggests that prepotency is caused by membership in the response set and not semantic relation. Concerning (b), Diamond, Kirkham and Amso (2002) found that 4‐year‐olds could succeed on the day‐night task if the experimenter sang a ditty after showing the stimulus card, before the child was to respond. They concluded that it was because delaying children’s responses gave them time to compute the correct answer. However, Experiment 2 (with 90 3‐year‐olds) suggests that such a delay helps because it gives the incorrect, prepotent response time to passively dissipate, not because of active computation during the delay.
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