Writing, Graphic Codes, and Asynchronous Communication

Writing, Graphic Codes, and Asynchronous Communication
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编写、图形代码和异步通信

DOI:
10.1111/tops.12386
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发表时间:
2020
影响因子:
3
通讯作者:
James Winters
James Winters
中科院分区:
心理学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Olivier;Piers Kelly;James Winters

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我们提出了一个理论框架,书面沟通的演变。我们将文字作为一种特殊的图形代码来分析。和语言一样,图形代码由符号和意义之间稳定的、约定俗成的映射组成,但(与口语或手语不同)它们的符号由持久的图像组成。这使它们具有跨时间和空间一次性传输信息的独特能力。然而,这种能力通常仍然相当未开发,因为大多数图形代码是不够的信息。它们只能用于记忆目的,或者在真实的时间遭遇中用作口头交流的道具。与其他图形代码不同,书写系统通过编码自然语言来工作。这使它们能够以比任何其他图形代码更强大和通用的方式支持异步通信。然而,书写系统不会自动释放异步通信的能力。我们认为,这种能力在没有文字的社会中是罕见的,即使在有文字的社会中也不常见。异步通信本质上是低效的,因为它限制了对话者共享的信息量,并限制了修复的可能性。这就解释了为什么同步的面对面交流总是促进复杂代码(自然语言)的发展,但异步交流的类似代码却有更多的困难。这也意味着,书写最初不可能是为了支持异步通信而进化的。
We present a theoretical framework bearing on the evolution of written communication. We analyze writing as a special kind of graphic code. Like languages, graphic codes consist of stable, conventional mappings between symbols and meanings, but (unlike spoken or signed languages) their symbols consist of enduring images. This gives them the unique capacity to transmit information in one go across time and space. Yet this capacity usually remains quite unexploited, because most graphic codes are insufficiently informative. They may only be used for mnemonic purposes or as props for oral communication in real‐time encounters. Writing systems, unlike other graphic codes, work by encoding a natural language. This allows them to support asynchronous communication in a more powerful and versatile way than any other graphic code. Yet, writing systems will not automatically unlock the capacity to communicate asynchronously. We argue that this capacity is a rarity in non‐literate societies, and not so frequent even in literate ones. Asynchronous communication is intrinsically inefficient because asynchrony constrains the amount of information that the interlocutors share and limits possibilities for repair. This would explain why synchronous, face‐to‐face communication always fosters the development of sophisticated codes (natural languages), but similar codes for asynchronous communication evolve with more difficulties. It also implies that writing cannot have evolved, at first, for supporting asynchronous communication.
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