Unsupported or Turned Against: Understanding How Two Types of Negative Social Reactions to Sexual Assault Relate to Post-Assault Outcomes.
Unsupported or Turned Against: Understanding How Two Types of Negative Social Reactions to Sexual Assault Relate to Post-Assault Outcomes.
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得不到支持或遭到反对： 了解社会对性侵犯的两种负面反应与侵犯后结果的关系。
DOI：
10.1177/0361684313512610
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发表时间：
2015-03
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Ullman S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Relyea M;Ullman S
社会对性侵犯的反应对女性遭受性侵犯后的结果有显著影响（见综述）。社会反应问卷（SRQ）测量这些反应（由幸存者报告），并将其汇总为积极和消极的量表。然而，研究表明，只有一些“负面”反应对幸存者产生负面效价，而其他反应则产生混合效价（积极和消极）。目前的研究比较了“消极反应”的一个主要因素模型和一个有两个主要因素的模型，我们称之为“反对”和“不支持的承认”。结果表明，虽然一个主要因素是合理的，但两个主要因素提供了更好的拟合数据。为了评估这两个因素的判别效度，我们对社会支持、心理适应和应对行为进行回归预测。分析支持这样的假设，即被拒绝的反应与社会退缩、自责增加和性自信下降有关，而不被支持的承认的反应与适应和不适应应对有关。与预测相反，抑郁症和创伤后应激障碍更多地与接受不支持的承认有关，而不是接受反对的反应。讨论了干预和研究的意义。重要的是，在我们的样本中，几乎所有的女性（94%）都承认发生了性侵犯，但没有提供支持，这种缺乏支持与更糟糕的应对方式有关，甚至比被指责或污名化等更具敌意的反应更糟糕。因此，似乎非常需要有效的项目来培训社区成员，以情感和有形的支持来回应幸存者，以促进更好的结果。
Social reactions to disclosures of sexual assault have significant effects on women’s post-assault outcomes (see, for a review). The Social Reactions Questionnaire (SRQ) measures these reactions (as reported by survivors) and aggregates them into positive and negative scales. However, studies indicate that only some “negative” reactions have a negative valence for survivors whereas others produce a mixed (positive and negative) valence. The current study compares a one-primary-factor model of “negative reactions” to a model with two primary factors that we have labeled “turning against” and “unsupportive acknowledgement.” Results showed that although one primary factor was plausible, two primary factors provided a better fit to the data. To assess the discriminant validity of the two factors, we performed regressions predicting social support, psychological adjustment, and coping behaviors. Analyses supported the hypotheses that reactions of being turned against were related to social withdrawal, increased self-blame, and decreased sexual assertiveness whereas reactions of unsupportive acknowledgment were related to both adaptive and maladaptive coping. Against predictions, depression and PTSD were more related to receiving unsupportive acknowledgment than to receiving turning against reactions. Implications for interventions and research are discussed. Importantly, almost all women (94%) in our sample received reactions that acknowledged that an assault occurred but failed to provide support, and this lack of support was associated with worse coping than even more hostile reactions such as being blamed or stigmatized. Therefore, there seems a great need for effective programs to train community members to respond to survivors with the kind of emotional and tangible support that promotes better outcomes.
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DOI：
10.1080/10705519909540118
发表时间：
1999-01-01
影响因子：
6
作者：
Hu, Li-tze;Bentler, Peter M.
通讯作者：
Bentler, Peter M.
影响因子：
2.2
作者：
Green, Bonnie L.;Chung, Joyce Y.;DeBenedictis, Caroline
通讯作者：
DeBenedictis, Caroline
影响因子：
2.2
作者：
Livingston, Jennifer A.;Testa, Maria;VanZile-Tamsen, Carol
通讯作者：
VanZile-Tamsen, Carol
影响因子：
7.6
作者：
Frazier, PA
通讯作者：
Frazier, PA
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Littleton, Heather L.
通讯作者：
Littleton, Heather L.