Old divergences in a boreal bird supports long-term survival through the Ice Ages.
Old divergences in a boreal bird supports long-term survival through the Ice Ages.
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DOI：
10.1186/1471-2148-10-35
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发表时间：
2010-02-04
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Ueda K
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Saitoh T;Alström P;Nishiumi I;Shigeta Y;Williams D;Olsson U;Ueda K
与北方欧洲和北美北方的大部分地区不同，古北界东部和北美的最西北端被认为在第四纪冰期期间几乎没有冰川作用。这可能有助于该地区许多生物的长期生存。为了评估这一点，我们研究了在东亚和阿拉斯加的北方候鸟雀形目鸟类，北极柳莺Phylloscopus borealis，并将我们的研究结果与发表的数据，特别是北美物种。在来自18个种群的113个个体的样本中，我们鉴定了线粒体细胞色素B基因的42个单倍型，其分为三个分支：A -阿拉斯加和欧亚大陆（除堪察加半岛）; B -堪察加半岛、萨哈林岛和北海道;和C -本州、四国和九州（即日本除北海道）。这些分支中最古老的分裂，在A/B和C之间，估计发生在上新世中期和早更新世之间的某个时候，第二次分化，在分支A和B之间，在早更新世中期。在所有三个主要分支中，都有人口扩张的迹象。在上新世/更新世边界附近，北极莺分成三个主要的分支，两个北方分支最后分开。这三个分支可能都经历了人口瓶颈在更新世作为范围的变化和收缩的结果，但仍然生存和保持其完整性。东北古北界鸟类的其他几个分支在上新世期间也出现了多样化。相比之下，目前居住在北美冰川地区的鸟类物种或鸟类种群通常更年轻。这些地区之间的差异可能是由于较慢的物种形成率在东部古北由于较少破碎的森林栖息地在冰川时期，或东部古北分支的生存时间较长的结果，在该地区相比，北方北美较不严重的条件。其他几种古北界生物表现出与北极莺一致的生物地理模式，这表明它们多样化的共同原因。
Unlike northern Europe and most of northern North America, the Eastern Palearctic and the northwesternmost tip of North America are believed to have been almost unglaciated during the Quarternary glacial periods. This could have facilitated long-term survival of many organisms in that area. To evaluate this, we studied the phylogeography in east Asia and Alaska of a boreal migratory passerine bird, the Arctic Warbler Phylloscopus borealis, and compared our results with published data on especially North American species. In a sample of 113 individuals from 18 populations we identified 42 haplotypes of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, which separated into three clades: A - Alaska and mainland Eurasia (except Kamchatka); B - Kamchatka, Sakhalin and Hokkaido; and C - Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu (i.e. Japan except Hokkaido). The oldest split among these clades, between A/B and C, is estimated to have taken place sometime between the mid Pliocene and early Pleistocene, and the second divergence, between clades A and B, in the early to mid Pleistocene. Within all of the three main clades, there are signs of population expansion. The Arctic Warbler separated into three main clades in close succession around the Pliocene/Pleistocene border, with the two northern clades diverging last. All three clades probably experienced population bottlenecks during the Pleistocene as a result of range shifts and contractions, but nevertheless survived and maintained their integrities. Several other clades of Northeastern Palearctic birds are noted to have diversified during the Pliocene. In contrast, avian species or phylogroups presently occupying formerly glaciated North American ground are generally younger. The differences between these regions could be due to slower speciation rates in the Eastern Palearctic due to less fragmentation of forest habitats during glacial periods, or to longer survival of Eastern Palearctic clades as a result of less severe conditions in that region compared to northern North America. Several other Palearctic organisms show concordant biogeographical patterns to that of the Arctic Warbler, indicating common causes of their diversifications.
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