Context, attention, and the switch between habit and goal-direction in behavior.
Context, attention, and the switch between habit and goal-direction in behavior.
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DOI：
10.3758/s13420-021-00488-z
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发表时间：
2021-12
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
Bouton ME
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bouton ME
本文回顾了作者实验室的最新发现，这些发现可能会为习惯的形成和打破提供新的见解。习惯是广泛实践的行为，由先行线索自动诱发，并在没有目标（或目标）的情况下执行。相反，目标导向的行为是工具性行为，因为他们的目标被记住和重视。新的研究结果表明，当条件鼓励减少对行为的注意力时，经过长时间的练习，行为可能会转变为习惯。与注意力和学习理论相一致的是，当一种行为的发生者被环境中的线索很好地预测时，它可能会引起较少的注意（并成为习惯）;如果行为发生者的呈现不确定，习惯学习就会被阻止。其他结果表明，习惯不是永久的，目标方向可以通过几种环境操纵来恢复，包括暴露于意想不到的干扰或环境变化。习惯比目标导向的行为更依赖于环境。习惯学习会以一种让人联想到灭绝的方式引起回溯性干扰：它以一种依赖于情境的方式抑制但不会消除目标导向。这些发现对理解习惯性和目标导向的行为控制以及成瘾等紊乱行为具有意义。
This article reviews recent findings from the author’s laboratory that may provide new insights into how habits are made and broken. Habits are extensively practiced behaviors that are automatically evoked by antecedent cues and performed without their goal (or reinforcer) “in mind.” Goal-directed actions, in contrast, are instrumental behaviors that are performed because their goal is remembered and valued. New results suggest that actions may transition to habit after extended practice when conditions encourage reduced attention to the behavior. Consistent with theories of attention and learning, a behavior may command less attention (and become habitual) as its reinforcer becomes well-predicted by cues in the environment; habit learning is prevented if presentation of the reinforcer is uncertain. Other results suggest that habits are not permanent, and that goal-direction can be restored by several environmental manipulations, including exposure to unexpected reinforcers or context change. Habits are more context-dependent than goal-directed actions are. Habit learning causes retroactive interference in a way that is reminiscent of extinction: It inhibits, but does not erase, goal-direction in a context-dependent way. The findings have implications for the understanding of habitual and goal-directed control of behavior as well as disordered behaviors like addictions.
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DOI：
10.1037/xan0000295
发表时间：
2021-10
期刊：
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition
影响因子：
--
作者：
Bouton ME;Allan SM;Tavakkoli A;Steinfeld MR;Thrailkill EA
通讯作者：
Thrailkill EA
DOI：
10.1196/annals.1390.006
发表时间：
2007-01-01
期刊：
REWARD AND DECISION MAKING IN CORTICOBASAL GANGLIA NETWORKS
影响因子：
--
作者：
Balleine, Bernard W.;Ostlund, Sean B.
通讯作者：
Ostlund, Sean B.
DOI：
10.1037/xan0000051
发表时间：
2015-01-01
影响因子：
1.3
作者：
Bouton, Mark E.;Schepers, Scott T.
通讯作者：
Schepers, Scott T.
DOI：
10.1080/14640748108400816
发表时间：
1981-01-01
期刊：
QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY SECTION B-COMPARATIVE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY
影响因子：
--
作者：
ADAMS, CD;DICKINSON, A
通讯作者：
DICKINSON, A
影响因子：
4.1
作者：
Chao;McGregor;Sanderson
通讯作者：
Sanderson