Unacknowledged Health Benefits of Genetically Modified Food: Salmon and Heart Disease Deaths
Unacknowledged Health Benefits of Genetically Modified Food: Salmon and Heart Disease Deaths
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转基因食品未被承认的健康益处：鲑鱼和心脏病死亡
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发表时间：
2002
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
K. Tucker
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Lutter;K. Tucker
研究人员正忙于根据欧盟指令（欧洲执行理事会，2000年）、国际协议（生物多样性公约，2000年）和美国（美国）监管政策（美国食品和药物管理局[FDA]，1992年）评估转基因食品可能对健康和环境造成的不利风险。转基因食品可能带来巨大的好处，既有直接的好处，如营养上级黄金大米（Ye，2000年），也有间接的好处，如改善饮食，但监管机构在决策时并没有正式考虑这些好处（欧洲执行理事会，2000年; FDA，1992年）。转基因鲑鱼的案例说明了间接营养改善对健康的潜在好处，以及监管机构通常采取片面做法的问题，这种做法最终源于预防原则。转基因鲑鱼的蛋白质目前正在接受美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）兽医中心的审查，该中心正在考虑其作为动物药物的安全性和有效性，并正在与其他机构就野生鲑鱼（受美国濒危物种法保护）的风险进行咨询。显然，转基因鲑鱼对降低冠心病风险的实质性作用被排除在监管计算之外，冠心病是美国的头号死因（国家卫生统计中心，2000年）。通过全年生长，转基因鲑鱼可以降低养鱼成本。较低的生产成本将降低价格，增加鲑鱼消费，并增加欧米伽3（n-3）脂肪酸的摄入量。这些脂肪酸显著降低CHD和其他健康问题的风险（Rosenberg，2002）。合理的政策要求监管机构仔细比较转基因食品的风险和好处。少量的转基因鲑鱼，如果被意外释放，而且事先没有消毒，可能会通过产生杂交后代而威胁到当地物种（国家研究理事会，2000年）。然而，对这些风险的合理评估必须包括与转基因鲑鱼的全部社会效益进行一些比较。这些影响可能包括从经济收益到对渔民的影响到对消费者健康的影响。为了说明转基因食品改善营养的一个经常被忽视的好处类别的重要性，我们通过关注四个因素来估计转基因鲑鱼心脏病发作的下降。1它们代表了（a）n-3脂肪酸摄入量对心脏病风险的影响，（B）鲑鱼消费量对n-3摄入量的影响，（c）鲑鱼价格对鲑鱼消费量的影响，以及（d）养殖成本对鲑鱼零售价格的影响。我们估计，转基因鲑鱼每年将在美国防止600至2，600人死亡，最佳估计约为1，400人。
Researchers are busily assessing possible adverse health and environmental risks of genetically modified (GM) foods in accordance with European Union directives (European Executive Council, 2000), international agreements (Convention on Biodiversity, 2000), and United States (US) regulatory policy (US Food and Drug Administration [FDA], 1992). Genetically modified foods may offer great benefits, both directly as with nutritionally superior Golden Rice (Ye, 2000), and indirectly through improved diets, but regulators do not formally consider such benefits in their decision making (European Executive Council, 2000; FDA, 1992). The case of GM salmon illustrates both the potential magnitude of the health benefits from indirect nutritional improvements and the problem with the regulators generally one-sided approach, which is ultimately derived from the precautionary principle. The protein to genetically modify salmon is now under review by the Food and Drug Administrations (FDA) Center for Veterinary Medicine, which is considering its safety and efficacy as an animal drug and is consulting with other agencies on risks to wild salmon (which are protected by the US Endangered Species Act). Apparently excluded from the regulatory calculus is the substantial effect of GM salmon on reducing the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), the number one cause of death in the US (National Center for Health Statistics, 2000). By growing year-round, GM salmon can reduce fish farmers costs. Lower production costs would lower prices, increase salmon consumption, and boost intake of omega three (n-3) fatty acids. These fatty acids significantly lower the risks of CHD and other health problems (Rosenberg, 2002). Rational policy requires regulators to carefully compare the risks and the benefits of GM food. A small number of GM salmon, if accidentally released and not previously sterilized, could threaten a local species by creating hybrid offspring (National Research Council, 2000). A sensible evaluation of these risks, however, must involve some comparison with the full social benefits of GM salmon. These are likely to range from economic gains to fish farmers to effects on consumers health. To illustrate the importance of a frequently neglected category of benefits from GM foodsimproved nutritionwe estimate declines in heart attacks from GM salmon by focusing on four factors.1 They represent the effects of (a) n-3 fatty acid intake on heart disease risk, (b) salmon consumption on n-3 intake, (c) salmon prices on salmon consumption, and (d) farming costs on salmon retail prices. We estimate that GM salmon would prevent between 600 and 2,600 deaths in the US annually, with a best estimate of roughly 1,400.
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