Consistent selection towards low activity phenotypes when catchability depends on encounters among human predators and fish.
Consistent selection towards low activity phenotypes when catchability depends on encounters among human predators and fish.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0048030
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Arlinghaus R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Alós J;Palmer M;Arlinghaus R
与生活史和基础生理学一起，鱼类的行为变异性是决定捕鱼脆弱性的三个主要特征轴之一。然而，系统研究选择对行为特征的强度和方向的研究却很少。使用遥测技术揭示的原位鱼类行为作为输入，我们开发了一个基于个体的模型（IBM），该模型模拟猎物（鱼）在有限的活动范围（HR）内移动的拉格朗日轨迹。展示各种典型钓鱼方式的渔民将模型中的这些鱼作为目标。我们最初假设，在所有捕捞条件下，更活跃和更具探索性的个体将被系统地去除，进而对低活性表型甚至小 HR 产生负选择差异。我们的结果部分支持了这些一般预测。平均而言，标准化选择差异对人力资源的负面影响比对活动的负面影响更大。然而，在许多模拟运行中，也发现了对 HR 的正选择压力，这是由于鱼类运动的随机特性及其与人类捕食者的相互作用造成的。相比之下，所有类型的钓鱼方式下的活动都存在一致的负面选择。因此，在捕获能力取决于人类捕食者和鱼类之间的空间相遇的情况下，我们将预测对低活性表型的一致选择，并且对 HR 大小的选择方向不太有信心。我们的研究是第一个关于使用被动渔具渔业引起的行为选择方向的理论研究。少数根据被动捕捞技术（如刺网、陷阱或休闲捕鱼）来测量鱼类可捕获性的实证研究支持了我们的预测，即在高度开发的情况下，鱼类平均具有低游泳活动的特征，部分原因是对游泳活动的负选择。
Together with life-history and underlying physiology, the behavioural variability among fish is one of the three main trait axes that determines the vulnerability to fishing. However, there are only a few studies that have systematically investigated the strength and direction of selection acting on behavioural traits. Using in situ fish behaviour revealed by telemetry techniques as input, we developed an individual-based model (IBM) that simulated the Lagrangian trajectory of prey (fish) moving within a confined home range (HR). Fishers exhibiting various prototypical fishing styles targeted these fish in the model. We initially hypothesised that more active and more explorative individuals would be systematically removed under all fished conditions, in turn creating negative selection differentials on low activity phenotypes and maybe on small HR. Our results partly supported these general predictions. Standardised selection differentials were, on average, more negative on HR than on activity. However, in many simulation runs, positive selection pressures on HR were also identified, which resulted from the stochastic properties of the fishes’ movement and its interaction with the human predator. In contrast, there was a consistent negative selection on activity under all types of fishing styles. Therefore, in situations where catchability depends on spatial encounters between human predators and fish, we would predict a consistent selection towards low activity phenotypes and have less faith in the direction of the selection on HR size. Our study is the first theoretical investigation on the direction of fishery-induced selection of behaviour using passive fishing gears. The few empirical studies where catchability of fish was measured in relation to passive fishing techniques, such as gill-nets, traps or recreational fishing, support our predictions that fish in highly exploited situations are, on average, characterised by low swimming activity, stemming, in part, from negative selection on swimming activity.
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