Avian Sex Determination: A Chicken and Egg Conundrum.

Avian Sex Determination: A Chicken and Egg Conundrum.
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DOI:
10.1159/000529754
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发表时间:
2023
期刊:
Sexual development : genetics, molecular biology, evolution, endocrinology, embryology, and pathology of sex determination and differentiation
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初级性别决定是导致性腺性别分化的发育过程。脊椎动物的性别决定通常被认为遵循了基于哺乳动物系统的模型,在哺乳动物系统中,一个性别特异性的主调控基因激活了睾丸和卵巢分化的两个不同基因网络中的一个。现在我们知道,虽然这些途径的许多分子成分在不同的脊椎动物中是保守的,但有多种不同的触发因素被用来启动初级性别决定。在鸟类中,雄性是同质性(ZZ),鸟类的性别决定系统与哺乳动物的性别决定系统存在显著差异。例如,DMRT1、FOXL2和雌激素是鸟类促性腺激素生成的关键因素,但在哺乳动物的主要性别决定中都不是必需的。鸟类的性腺性别决定被认为依赖于一种基于剂量的机制,这种机制涉及到Z-linked DMRT1基因的表达,这种“机制”可能只是与鸟类组织相关的细胞自主性别认同的延伸,不需要性别特异性触发。
Primary sex determination is the developmental process that results in the sexual differentiation of the gonads. Vertebrate sex determination is generally considered to follow the model based on the mammalian system, where a sex-specific master regulatory gene activates one of the two different gene networks that underlie testis and ovary differentiation. It is now known that, while many of the molecular components of these pathways are conserved across different vertebrates, a wide variety of different trigger factors are utilized to initiate primary sex determination. In birds, the male is the homogametic sex (ZZ), and significant differences exist between the avian system of sex determination and that of mammals. For example, DMRT1, FOXL2, and estrogen are key factors in gonadogenesis in birds, but none are essential for primary sex determination in mammals. Gonadal sex determination in birds is thought to depend on a dosage-based mechanism involving expression of the Z-linked DMRT1 gene, and it may be that this “mechanism” is simply an extension of the cell autonomous sex identity associated with avian tissues, with no sex-specific trigger required.
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