Prevalence of Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease at El Seco, a Mesophotic Reef System off Vieques Island, Puerto Rico
Prevalence of Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease at El Seco, a Mesophotic Reef System off Vieques Island, Puerto Rico
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波多黎各别克斯岛附近的中光珊瑚礁系统埃尔塞科石质珊瑚组织损失病的流行
DOI：
10.3389/fmars.2021.668669
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
J. Sabater
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Williams;J. García‐Sais;J. Sabater
中光珊瑚生态系统（MCES）在生态和功能上至关重要，因为它们是重要的鱼类栖息地，作为浅水珊瑚礁的珊瑚和海绵的避难所。石珊瑚组织丧失病（SCH 3D）是一种相对较新的致命珊瑚疾病，首先影响佛罗里达的珊瑚礁，现在已经蔓延到加勒比海的大部分地区。2019年12月，在库莱布拉岛的波多黎各观察到了SCH 3 N1。自那时以来，SCH 30已沿着波多黎各东海岸出现，主要影响圣胡安、库莱布拉和别克斯岛以及法哈尔多的浅礁。在2020年6月下旬和7月期间，在波多黎各东南海岸的El Seco（别克斯岛外）对四个中光珊瑚礁栖息地进行了调查。在殖民地路面（CPRT - 23-30米），银行珊瑚礁（BCR - 35-40米），补丁珊瑚礁（PCR - 36-42米），和rhodolith（Rhodo - 40-50米）栖息地观察到SCEROMY。不同生境的无柄-底栖类的平均基质覆盖百分比差异很大（PERMANOVA，p < 0.001），BCR的平均（± SE）珊瑚覆盖率较高（26.95 ± 5.60%），其次是PCR（12.88 ± 3.88%）。在所有栖息地中均检测到SCE 2，但在BCR时疾病患病率显著较高，范围为感染菌落的9.70%至21.13%（Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA，p < 0.007）。尽管PCR栖息地的珊瑚覆盖率较低，但SCEROSIS的患病率仍然升高，范围为6.66%至15.07%。在El Seco的最深记录是40.9米。大部分（约98%）感染该疾病的珊瑚来自Orbicella complex spp。（faveolata/franksi）.但也有其他感染的种类，如Agaricia grahamae、A. lamarcki、Montastraea cavernosa和Porites astreoides。如2011年和2020年进行的调查所示，珊瑚覆盖的丧失导致其他底栖“破坏者”的出现，如peyssonnelids，特别是枝壳虫属。枝锈菌属，一种具有侵略性的结壳状红色珊瑚虫，已知会占据可用空间并使珊瑚过度生长，显著增加了受影响珊瑚礁的基质覆盖。因此，严重性和毒力的SCELAND很可能会有严重和长期的负面影响，在埃尔塞科中光珊瑚礁系统的珊瑚群落。
Mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) are ecologically and functionally vital, as they are Essential Fish Habitats that function as refugia for corals and sponges of shallow-water reefs. Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease (SCTLD) is a relatively new lethal coral disease, first affecting coral reefs in Florida and has now spread through most of the Caribbean. SCTLD was observed in Puerto Rico in December 2019 in Culebra Island. Since then, SCTLD has appeared along the east coast of Puerto Rico, affecting primarily shallow reefs in San Juan, Culebra and Vieques Island, and Fajardo. During late June and July 2020, four mesophotic reef habitats were surveyed at El Seco (off Vieques Island), on the southeast coast of Puerto Rico. SCTLD was observed at colonized pavement (CPRT – 23–30 m), bank coral reef (BCR – 35–40 m), patch coral reef (PCR – 36–42 m), and rhodolith (Rhodo – 40–50 m) habitats. The mean percent substrate cover by sessile-benthic categories varied significantly between habitats (PERMANOVA, p < 0.001), with a higher mean (± SE) coral cover at BCR (26.95 ± 5.60%), followed by PCR (12.88 ± 3.88%). SCTLD was detected in all habitats, but the disease prevalence was significantly higher at BCR, ranging from 9.70 to 21.13% of colonies infected (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, p < 0.007). Even though PCR habitats exhibited less coral cover, SCTLD prevalence was still elevated ranging from 6.66 to 15.07%. The deepest record of SCTLD at El Seco was 40.9 m. The majority (∼98%) of the corals infected with the disease were from the Orbicella complex spp. (faveolata/franksi). However, there were other infected species, such as Agaricia grahamae, A. lamarcki, Montastraea cavernosa, and Porites astreoides. As seen in the surveys conducted in 2011 and 2020, the loss of coral cover allows for the emergence of other benthic “detractors,” such as peyssonnelids, specifically Ramicrusta spp. Ramicrusta spp., an aggressive encrusting red alga known to take over available space and overgrow corals, significantly increased its substrate cover at the impacted reefs. Therefore, the severity and virulence of SCTLD will most likely have severe and long-lasting negative impacts on the coral communities at El Seco mesophotic reef system.
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