Sources, concentrations, and risks of naphthalene in indoor and outdoor air.
Sources, concentrations, and risks of naphthalene in indoor and outdoor air.
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00760.x
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发表时间：
2012-08
期刊：
影响因子：
5.8
通讯作者：
Lewis T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Batterman S;Chin JY;Jia C;Godwin C;Parker E;Robins T;Max P;Lewis T
萘是一种普遍存在的污染物，当这种化学品被用作驱虫剂或除臭剂时，室内有时会出现很高的浓度。本研究描述了美国密歇根州东南部四个社区气相萘浓度的分布和来源。在室外，对社区以及一个靠近道路的地点进行了萘的测量。在室内，对288个郊区和城市家庭的萘水平进行了表征。室外浓度中位数为0.15微克/立方米，并且注意到高峰时段交通有一定的贡献。室内长期浓度中位数为0.89微克/立方米，但浓度分布极不均衡，14%的家庭超过了3微克/立方米（非致癌效应的慢性参考浓度），8%超过了10微克/立方米，浓度最高达到200微克/立方米。典型的个体终生癌症风险约为10⁻⁴，在一些家庭中达到了10⁻²。重要来源包括萘用作驱虫剂和除臭剂、从附属车库迁移过来，以及在较小程度上的香烟烟雾和车辆排放。作为驱虫剂的过度使用导致了最高浓度。萘在一部分家庭中存在高风险，应考虑采取政策和行动来减少暴露，例如销售禁令或限制、改进标签以及对消费者进行教育。
Naphthalene is a ubiquitous pollutant, and very high concentrations are sometimes encountered indoors when this chemical is used as a pest repellent or deodorant. This study describes the distribution and sources of vapor phase naphthalene concentrations in four communities in southeast Michigan, USA. Outdoors, naphthalene was measured in the communities and at a near-road site. Indoors, naphthalene levels were characterized in 288 suburban and urban homes. The median outdoor concentration was 0.15 µg m−3, and a modest contribution from rush-hour traffic was noted. The median indoor long-term concentration was 0.89 µg m−3, but concentrations were extremely skewed and 14% of homes exceeded 3 µg m−3, the chronic reference concentration for non-cancer effects, 8% exceeded 10 µg m−3, and levels reached 200 µg m−3. The typical individual lifetime cancer risk was about 10−4, and reached 10−2 in some homes. Important sources include naphthalene's use as a pest repellent and deodorant, migration from attached garages, and to lesser extents, cigarette smoke and vehicle emissions. Excessive use as a repellent caused the highest concentrations. Naphthalene presents high risks in a subset of homes, and policies and actions to reduce exposures, e.g., sales bans or restrictions, improved labeling and consumer education, should be considered.
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影响因子：
--
作者：
Batterman, S;Metts, T;Barnett, E
通讯作者：
Barnett, E
DOI：
10.1080/15287390802706413
发表时间：
2009-01-01
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Miller, Lindsay;Xu, Xiaohong;Luginaah, Isaac
通讯作者：
Luginaah, Isaac
DOI：
10.1038/sj.jea.7500361
发表时间：
2004-04-01
期刊：
JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
影响因子：
--
作者：
Nazaroff, WW;Singer, BC
通讯作者：
Singer, BC
影响因子：
5
作者：
Dodson, Robin E.;Levy, Jonathan I.;Bennett, Deborah H.
通讯作者：
Bennett, Deborah H.
影响因子：
--
作者：
Jia, Chunrong;Batterman, Stuart;Chernyak, Sergei
通讯作者：
Chernyak, Sergei