Influence of groundwater and topography on stream drying in semi‐arid headwater streams
Influence of groundwater and topography on stream drying in semi‐arid headwater streams
复制标题
地下水和地形对半干旱源头河流干燥的影响
DOI：
10.1002/hyp.14185
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Hale, Rebecca L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Warix, Sara R.;Godsey, Sarah E.;Lohse, Kathleen A.;Hale, Rebecca L.
非常年河流构成全球河流网络的一半以上，并影响下游水质。尽管干旱是全球河流干燥的主要驱动因素，但在许多水源河流中，地表径流的持久性在空间和时间上是不同的，这表明这些复杂的干燥模式可能是由地形和地下因素驱动的。事实上，这些因素影响了常年系统中的浅层地下水流动，但对浅层地下水停留时间和地下水对间歇性溪流的贡献的描述有限。在这里，我们问地下水停留时间，浅层地下水对径流的贡献，以及地形如何相互作用来控制源头溪流中的溪流干燥。我们根据枯水期的地表径流观测，结合示踪剂的地下水停留时间，对八个半干旱水源集水区的这一主要问题进行了评估。对于一个水源集水区，我们使用分布在地下水监测点之间的传感器网络分析了季节性流量衰退和复湿期的溪流干燥情况，并将干燥模式与地下水输入和地形联系起来。我们发现地下水停留时间与水流网络范围之间的关系很差(R2<； 为0.24)。虽然地下水停留时间表明，所有水源溪流中都存在古老的地下水，但每条溪流中也发生了地表干涸，这表明古老的深流动路径不足以维持地表径流。事实上，任何给定点的河流干涸时间通常与近地表来源的贡献减少和地下水对该地点径流的相对贡献增加相吻合，而河流网络内的干涸空间格局通常与地下水输入季节性变化最大的地点相关。地形指标只能解释季节性径流持久性的30%左右的变异性，令人惊讶的是，我们发现与季节性干燥和山谷下游地下蓄水面积没有相关性。由于我们发现了复杂的空间模式，未来的研究应该将地下特性(如水力传导性和导水率)的密集空间观测与季节性水流持久性的观测结合起来。
Non‐perennial streams comprise over half of the global stream network and impact downstream water quality. Although aridity is a primary driver of stream drying globally, surface flow permanence varies spatially and temporally within many headwater streams, suggesting that these complex drying patterns may be driven by topographic and subsurface factors. Indeed, these factors affect shallow groundwater flows in perennial systems, but there has been only limited characterisation of shallow groundwater residence times and groundwater contributions to intermittent streams. Here, we asked how groundwater residence times, shallow groundwater contributions to streamflow, and topography interact to control stream drying in headwater streams. We evaluated this overarching question in eight semi‐arid headwater catchments based on surface flow observations during the low‐flow period, coupled with tracer‐based groundwater residence times. For one headwater catchment, we analysed stream drying during the seasonal flow recession and rewetting period using a sensor network that was interspersed between groundwater monitoring locations, and linked drying patterns to groundwater inputs and topography. We found a poor relationship between groundwater residence times and flowing network extent (R2< 0.24). Although groundwater residence times indicated that old groundwater was present in all headwater streams, surface drying also occurred in each of them, suggesting old, deep flowpaths are insufficient to sustain surface flows. Indeed, the timing of stream drying at any given point typically coincided with a decrease in the contribution from near‐surface sources and an increased relative contribution of groundwater to streamflow at that location, whereas the spatial pattern of drying within the stream network typically correlated with locations where groundwater inputs were most seasonally variable. Topographic metrics only explained ~30% of the variability in seasonal flow permanence, and surprisingly, we found no correlation with seasonal drying and down‐valley subsurface storage area. Because we found complex spatial patterns, future studies should pair dense spatial observations of subsurface properties, such as hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity, to observations of seasonal flow permanence.
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