Middle Paleolithic land use, spatial organization and settlement intensity in the Swabian Jura, southwestern Germany

Middle Paleolithic land use, spatial organization and settlement intensity in the Swabian Jura, southwestern Germany
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德国西南部施瓦本汝拉地区旧石器时代中期的土地利用、空间组织和聚落强度

DOI:
10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.043
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发表时间:
2012
影响因子:
2.2
通讯作者:
S.C. Münzel
S.C. Münzel
中科院分区:
地球科学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Conard;S.C. Münzel

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关于德国西南部斯瓦比亚汝拉旧石器时代中期的绝大多数信息来自著名的阿奇和孤谷洞穴遗址。斯瓦比亚的尼安德特人职业显示了广泛的组合类型。石器技术随着时间和空间的变化而变化,包括被定义为属于斯瓦比亚莫斯特人、凯尔梅瑟群和布拉特峰群的组合。有机工件包括骨骼修整器和少量的骨点。人类的骨头很罕见,也没有迹象表明这些遗址被用作墓地。在几个地点记录了燃烧特征形式的人为特征,其中有许多烧焦的骨头碎片。狩猎物种因地点而异,但一般来说,马和驯鹿是最常见的狩猎动物。季节性数据通常表明洞穴在一年中较冷的时候使用。空间分析受到规模小和用现代技术进行的挖掘数量少的阻碍。整体考古模式表明,相对较少的人生活在景观中,并使用“低影响”的生存模式,使尼安德特人与洞熊共存,而不会使他们的人口灭绝。流动性很高,社会单位通常很小,大概包含小的亲属群体。在大多数斯瓦比亚遗址发现的低密度表明尼安德特人零星但重复使用它们,平均占领强度和人口密度比随后的奥里尼亚克时期低一个数量级。
The vast majority of information about the Middle Paleolithic of the Swabian Jura in southwestern Germany comes from the well-known cave sites of the Ach and Lone Valleys. The Neanderthal occupations of Swabia show a wide range of assemblage types. Lithic technologies varied over time and space and include assemblages defined as belonging to the Swabian Mousterian, the Keilmessergruppe and the Blattspitzengruppe. Organic artifacts include bone retouchers and a small number of bone points. Human bones are rare, and there is no indication that the sites were used as cemeteries. Anthropogenic features in the form of combustion features with numerous fragments of burnt bone are documented at several of the sites. Game species vary from site to site, but in general horses and reindeer are the most common hunted game. Seasonality data usually point to the use of the caves in the colder times of the year. Spatial analyses are hampered by the small size and the small number of the excavations conducted with modern techniques. The overall archaeological pattern suggests a settlement system with relatively few people living in the landscape and using a “low impact” subsistence pattern that allowed Neanderthals to coexist with cave bears without driving their populations to extinction. Mobility was high and social units were generally small and presumably contained small groups of kin. The low density of finds at most Swabian sites points to their sporadic but repeated use by Neanderthals and an average occupation intensity and population density an order of magnitude lower than that of the subsequent Aurignacian period.
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