Socioeconomic and racial disparities in cancer risk from air toxics in Maryland.
Socioeconomic and racial disparities in cancer risk from air toxics in Maryland.
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DOI：
10.1289/ehp.7609
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发表时间：
2005-06
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
White RH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Apelberg BJ;Buckley TJ;White RH
我们将美国环境保护署国家空气毒物评估（NATA）的风险估计与马里兰州人口普查区（2000年人口普查）的种族和社会经济特征联系起来，以评估暴露于空气毒物的估计癌症风险在排放源类别上的差异。在马里兰州，人口普查区的平均估计癌症风险最高的是道路来源（占非背景来源总风险的50%），其次是非道路来源（25%），区域（23%）和主要来源（< 1%）。由非裔美国居民比例定义的最高四分位数的人口普查区的高风险（风险的第90百分位数）是最低四分位数的三倍（95%置信区间，2.0-5.0）。相反，随着白人比例的增加，风险降低（p < 0.001）。根据各种指标衡量，处于社会经济地位最低四分之一的人口普查区的高风险程度是处于最高四分之一的人口普查区的10-100倍。我们通过社会经济措施观察到道路、区域和非道路来源以及种族的道路和区域来源的重大风险差异。主要排放源存在风险差异的证据要少得多。我们发现种族和收入之间有统计学意义的相互作用，表明种族和低收入者的风险之间有更强的关系。这项研究表明，NATA在评估区域环境正义方面的效用，确定了马里兰州的一个环境正义问题，并建议，道路污染源可能是旨在减轻经济弱势群体和少数群体中不成比例的环境健康负担的政策的适当目标。
We linked risk estimates from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) to racial and socioeconomic characteristics of census tracts in Maryland (2000 Census) to evaluate disparities in estimated cancer risk from exposure to air toxics by emission source category. In Maryland, the average estimated cancer risk across census tracts was highest from on-road sources (50% of total risk from nonbackground sources), followed by nonroad (25%), area (23%), and major sources (< 1%). Census tracts in the highest quartile defined by the fraction of African-American residents were three times more likely to be high risk (> 90th percentile of risk) than those in the lowest quartile (95% confidence interval, 2.0–5.0). Conversely, risk decreased as the proportion of whites increased (p < 0.001). Census tracts in the lowest quartile of socioeconomic position, as measured by various indicators, were 10–100 times more likely to be high risk than those in the highest quartile. We observed substantial risk disparities for on-road, area, and nonroad sources by socioeconomic measure and on-road and area sources by race. There was considerably less evidence of risk disparities from major source emissions. We found a statistically significant interaction between race and income, suggesting a stronger relationship between race and risk at lower incomes. This research demonstrates the utility of NATA for assessing regional environmental justice, identifies an environmental justice concern in Maryland, and suggests that on-road sources may be appropriate targets for policies intended to reduce the disproportionate environmental health burden among economically disadvantaged and minority populations.
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影响因子：
3.8
作者：
Morello-Frosch, RA;Woodruff, TJ;Caldwell, JC
通讯作者：
Caldwell, JC
影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Green RS;Smorodinsky S;Kim JJ;McLaughlin R;Ostro B
通讯作者：
Ostro B
影响因子：
5
作者：
de Abrantes, R;de Assunçao, JV;Pesquero, UR
通讯作者：
Pesquero, UR
DOI：
10.1080/10473289.2001.10464271
发表时间：
2001-03-01
影响因子：
2.7
作者：
Perlin, SA;Wong, D;Sexton, K
通讯作者：
Sexton, K
影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Lopez, R
通讯作者：
Lopez, R