Cytosolic sensing of immuno-stimulatory DNA, the enemy within.

Cytosolic sensing of immuno-stimulatory DNA, the enemy within.
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DOI:
10.1016/j.coi.2017.11.004
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发表时间:
2018-03
影响因子:
7
通讯作者:
Sharma S
Sharma S
中科院分区:
医学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Dhanwani R;Takahashi M;Sharma S

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在细胞质中,DNA 被先天免疫系统感知为普遍的危险信号。环 GMP-AMP 合酶 (cGAS) 是一种胞质 DNA 传感器/酶,可催化 2'–5'-cGAMP 的形成,2'–5'-cGAMP 是一种非典型环状二核苷酸第二信使,可结合并激活干扰素基因刺激物 (STING),从而招募 Tank 结合激酶 1 (TBK1),激活转录因子干扰素调节因子 3 (IRF3),以及先天免疫反应基因的反式激活,包括 I 型干扰素细胞因子 (IFN-I)。促炎性 cGAS-STING-IRF3 反应的激活是由细菌和病毒 DNA 基因组的直接识别触发的,而且在 RNA 病毒感染、肿瘤转化、肿瘤免疫治疗和全身性自身炎症性疾病期间也是如此。在这些情况下,免疫刺激 DNA 的来源通常代表了反应的一个基本但人们知之甚少的方面。本综述重点关注与一系列自源 DNA 底物激活 cGAS 相关的最新发现,包括内源性逆转录病毒元件、线粒体 DNA (mtDNA) 以及因基因毒性应激和 DNA 损伤而产生的微核。这些发现强调了 cGAS 轴作为对多种基因组损伤的细胞内在先天免疫反应的作用。
In the cytoplasm, DNA is sensed as a universal danger signal by the innate immune system. Cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS) is a cytosolic DNA sensor/enzyme that catalyzes formation of 2′–5′-cGAMP, an atypical cyclic di-nucleotide second messenger that binds and activates the Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING), resulting in recruitment of Tank Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1), activation of the transcription factor Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 (IRF3), and trans-activation of innate immune response genes, including type I Interferon cytokines (IFN-I). Activation of the pro-inflammatory cGAS–STING–IRF3 response is triggered by direct recognition of the DNA genomes of bacteria and viruses, but also during RNA virus infection, neoplastic transformation, tumor immunotherapy and systemic auto-inflammatory diseases. In these circumstances, the source of immuno-stimulatory DNA has often represented a fundamental yet poorly understood aspect of the response. This review focuses on recent findings related to cGAS activation by an array of self-derived DNA substrates, including endogenous retroviral elements, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and micronuclei generated as a result of genotoxic stress and DNA damage. These findings emphasize the role of the cGAS axis as a cell-intrinsic innate immune response to a wide variety of genomic insults.
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