Strategies for managing rival bacterial communities: Lessons from burying beetles.
Strategies for managing rival bacterial communities: Lessons from burying beetles.
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DOI：
10.1111/1365-2656.12725
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发表时间：
2018-03
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Kilner RM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Duarte A;Welch M;Swannack C;Wagner J;Kilner RM
细菌在动物发育、生态学和进化中的作用越来越被人们所了解，但人们对动物行为如何影响细菌群落知之甚少。从保护关键资源免受微生物竞争者的侵害中获益的动物可能会进化出控制或操纵动物相关外部微生物群的行为。我们描述了四种可能的机制，动物可以通过破坏竞争对手的细菌群落获得竞争优势：“除草”，“播种”，“重新种植”和“保存”。通过结合详细的行为观察与分子和生物信息学分析，我们然后测试这些机制最好地解释了如何埋葬甲虫，Nicrophorus vespilloides，操纵他们的尸体繁殖资源上的细菌群落。埋葬甲虫是研究动物如何管理外部微生物群的合适物种，因为繁殖围绕着一个小的脊椎动物尸体。父母剃光尸体，并在其表面涂上抗菌分泌物，将其塑造成可供后代食用的巢穴。我们比较了老鼠尸体中的细菌群落，这些尸体要么是新鲜的，由甲虫准备的，要么是没有准备但埋在地下相同时间的。我们还分析了埋葬甲虫肠道中的细菌群落，在繁殖期间和繁殖之后，以了解甲虫是否可以用特定的微生物“播种”尸体。我们表明，埋葬甲虫不“保存”尸体减少细菌负荷，因为通常认为。相反，我们的研究结果表明，他们用细菌群“播种”尸体，这些细菌群是Nicrophorus核心微生物组的一部分。它们还可能将其他细菌从尸体的肠道“移植”到它们的腐肉巢穴的表面。这两个过程都可能导致在甲虫存在的情况下观察到的胴体表面细菌负荷增加。甲虫也可以通过消灭尸体上的某些细菌群来“清除”细菌群落，也许是通过自身产生抗菌剂。从甲虫的角度来看，这些对细菌群落的改变是否是适应性的，或者仅仅是甲虫为繁殖准备尸体的方式的副产品，仍有待于在未来的工作中确定。总的来说，我们的工作表明，动物可能会使用比目前所认识到的更复杂的技术来攻击和破坏竞争对手的微生物群落。
The role of bacteria in animal development, ecology and evolution is increasingly well understood, yet little is known of how animal behaviour affects bacterial communities. Animals that benefit from defending a key resource from microbial competitors are likely to evolve behaviours to control or manipulate the animal's associated external microbiota. We describe four possible mechanisms by which animals could gain a competitive edge by disrupting a rival bacterial community: “weeding,” “seeding,” “replanting” and “preserving.” By combining detailed behavioural observations with molecular and bioinformatic analyses, we then test which of these mechanisms best explains how burying beetles, Nicrophorus vespilloides, manipulate the bacterial communities on their carcass breeding resource. Burying beetles are a suitable species to study how animals manage external microbiota because reproduction revolves around a small vertebrate carcass. Parents shave a carcass and apply antimicrobial exudates on its surface, shaping it into an edible nest for their offspring. We compared bacterial communities in mice carcasses that were either fresh, prepared by beetles or unprepared but buried underground for the same length of time. We also analysed bacterial communities in the burying beetle's gut, during and after breeding, to understand whether beetles could be “seeding” the carcass with particular microbes. We show that burying beetles do not “preserve” the carcass by reducing bacterial load, as is commonly supposed. Instead, our results suggest they “seed” the carcass with bacterial groups which are part of the Nicrophorus core microbiome. They may also “replant” other bacteria from the carcass gut onto the surface of their carrion nest. Both these processes may lead to the observed increase in bacterial load on the carcass surface in the presence of beetles. Beetles may also “weed” the bacterial community by eliminating some groups of bacteria on the carcass, perhaps through the production of antimicrobials themselves. Whether these alterations to the bacterial community are adaptive from the beetle's perspective, or are simply a by‐product of the way in which the beetles prepare the carcass for reproduction, remains to be determined in future work. In general, our work suggests that animals might use more sophisticated techniques for attacking and disrupting rival microbial communities than is currently appreciated.
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